Drinking Water and Health, Volume 4 (1982) / Chapter Skim
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I Executive Summary
I Executive Summary
Pages 1-8
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Chapters II, III, IV, and V of this report contain reviews of the factors and conditions associated with retention of water quality in the distribution system and the committee's recommendations for control procedures and future research. In Volume 1 of Drinking Water and Health, the Safe Drinking Water Committee examined the health effects associated with microbiological, radioactive, particulate, inorganic, and organic chemical contaminants found in drinking water.
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The chemical and electrochemical reactions involved in corrosion cause deterioration of water quality, particularly with respect to such metals as zinc, cadmium, and lead. The economic impacts of corrosion in water distribution systems are not a part of this study.
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The extent to which their use increases human exposure and- adverse health effects is not known. Water Treatment Chemicals The data suggest that concentrations of trihalomethanes continue to increase in the distribution system when both chlorine and organic precursors are present.
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Biological Effects and Water Quality Living organisms may enter the distribution system through raw water receiving insufficient treatment, from in-line reservoirs, or from imperfections or breaks in the pipeline network. The microorganisms found in the distribution system and their effect on water quality are described in Chapter IV.
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by state health departments or to the Health Effects Research Laboratoty of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by state agencies having responsibility over water supply.
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Thus, the descriptions of some of the contaminants are limited to data generated since the first three volumes of Drinking Water and Health were published, whereas other contaminants and their health effects are evaluated in full for the first time. Several metallic ions were selected for evaluation because of their association with drinking water distribution systems, although contaminants such as lead and strontium pose problems only in certain local areas.
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· The exposure of laboratory animals to high doses of toxic agents is a necessary and valid method of discovering possible carcinogenic hazards in humans. · Data should be assessed in terms of human risk, rather than as "safe" or "unsafe." The methodology used by the previous Safe Drinking Water Committees in projecting risk estimates have been described in Volumes 1 and 3.
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The current Safe Drinking Water Committee has again evaluated several of the major extrapolation models in use by the regulatory agencies or by others and has made some effort to anticipate new thrusts in what could be designated as research in applied toxicology. It concluded that since the users of this volume will be likely to favor different varieties of the conventional extrapolation models or will have access to some of the newer developmental methodologies, it is premature at this stage to recommend any single approach by selecting it for calculations in this volume.
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