Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer (1982) / Chapter Skim
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11 Alcohol
11 Alcohol
Section B - The Role of Nonnutritive Dietary Constituents
Pages 202-233
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From page 202... ...
In China, where earlier records indicated that esophageal cancer comprised approximately one-half of the gastrointestinal tract cancers, pai-kan, a strong alcoholic beverage, was cited as an etiological agent (Kwan, 1937; Wu and Loucks, 1951~. Recently, Hoey et al.
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From page 203... ...
There also appears to be a statistically significant association between beer drinking and colorectal cancers in certain countries but not in others. These associations with specific beverage types suggest that the effects may be due to intake of other contaminants in the beverages, rather than to consumption of ethanol per _As noted above, epidemiological studies have linked the consumption of alcoholic beverages to the development of cancers at various sites.
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From page 204... ...
concluded that excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages was associated with cancer of the mouth, larynx, and esophagus. Case-control studies conducted in the United States have established that excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages increases the risk of incurring cancer of the oral cavity, excluding the lip, glottis and supraglottic region, larynx, and esophagus (Bross and Coombs, 1976; Burch et al., 1981; Graham et al., 1977; Kaminonkowski and Fleshier, 1965; Keller and Terris, 1965; Keller et al., 1977; Moore, 1965; Rothman and Keller, 1972; Schottenfeld, 1979; Schottenfeld _ al., 1974; Vincent and Marchetta, 1963; Wynder and Bross, 1961; Wynder et al., 1957a)
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From page 205... ...
reported similar findings, Lieber and colleagues suggested that the numbers were too small to ascertain if the tumor incidence was significantly greater in alcohol abusers than in moderate drinkers or nondrinkers. Additional studies are required to evaluate fully the role of ethanol in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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From page 206... ...
In the absence of chronic alcoholism and smoking, malnutrition or nutritional imbalance have been found frequently in individuals with cancer of the oral cavity and respiratory tract (Kissin and Kaley, 1974~. For example, an association between Plummer-Vinson (also called Paterson-Kelly)
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From page 207... ...
Other putative carcinogens found in alcoholic beverages include polycyclic hydrocarbons, such as phenanthrene, fluoranthrene' benzanthracene, benzotaipyrene, and chrysene (Goff and 11-6
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The effects of alcohol consumption on cancer incidence have been studied in human populations. In some countries, including the United States, excessive beer drinking has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, especially rectal cancer.
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1974. Geographic correlations between cancer mortality rates and alcohol-tobacco consumption in the United States.
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1979. Analysis of volatile N-nitrosamines in alcoholic beverages.
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1972. Esophageal cancer in the Caspian littoral of Iran: Initial studies.
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1956. Cirrhosis and primary carcinoma of the liver: Changes in their occurrence at the Boston City Hospital, 1897-1954.
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1974 . The role of alcohol and tobacco in multiple primary cancers of the upper digestive system, larynx and lung: A prospective study.
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1979. Oesophageal cancer and alcohol consumption; importance of type of beverage.
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1977. Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: Interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey.
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1957b. Environmental factors in cancer of the upper alimentary tract: Swedish study with special reference to Plummer-Vinson (Paterson-Kelly)
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FOOD ADDITIVES In this report, the term "food additives" is often used generically to refer to all substances that may be added to foods. However, in the 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the term has a more restricted legal definition: 217 B-1
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Table B-1 summarizes the classes of food ingredients covered in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and provides examples of each. For each category, it also presents information concerning the applicability of the Delaney Clause -- an amendment to the Act concerning the regulation of carcinogens.
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If any GRAS substance is found to be carcinogenic, it would no longer be considered GRAS and would fall under the legal definition of a food additive, thereby becoming subject to the Delaney Clause. In addition to the Delaney Clause, numerous amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act have been made since the early 1960's (U.S.
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From page 222... ...
, whereas many others, e.g., lecithin, fumaric acid, and sodium bisulfite, are used in quantities that provide an intake of 10 to 50 g per capita annually. Table B-2 lists the annual usage of some major classes of food additives (Jorgenson, 1980~.
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The Role of Nonnutnt:ive Dietary Constituents 223 TABLE B-2 Use of Some Food Additives (Nutritive and Nonnutritive) in the United Statesa Category Thickeners/ stabilizers (hydrocolloids)
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Table B-3 summarizes the classes of chemicals tested from 1953 to 1973 in the National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Bioassay Program (National Cancer Institute, 1975~. Very few epidemiological studies have been conducted to study the effect of food additives.
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Table B-4 lists examples of suspected or proven carcinogens in each category of food ingredients. With the exception of saccharin, any direct food additive known to cause cancer in animals or humans has been banned from use in foods.
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The selection of these examples was determined by the extent to which humans are exposed through the general diet and the reliability of the data pertaining to these exposures. Any assessment of the health effects of food additives and contaminants must take into consideration not only the extent to which humans are exposed through the average diet, but also the wide range of exposure for subgroups of the population, the wide range in the carcinogenic potency of these compounds, and the potential for synergistic and/or antagonistic effects of the numerous compounds that are present in the average diet.
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1979. Edible plants containing carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Japan.
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Volume 16. Some Aromatic Amines and Related Nitro Compounds -- Hair Dyes, Colouring Agents and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals.
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1978. Regulating carcinogens in food: A Legislator Is guide to the food safety provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended January 1980; Public Health Service Act, Biological Products; Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act; Fair Packaging and Labeling Act. HHS Publication No.
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World Health Organization Technical Report Series (Twenty-four reports to date)
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