Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer (1982) / Chapter Skim
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14 Additives and Contaminants
14 Additives and Contaminants
Pages 304-357
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From page 304... ...
Epidemiological Studies. The use of nonnutritive sweeteners has been studied primarily to determine their relationship to bladder cancer.
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From page 305... ...
They observed that men who used nonnutritive sweeteners had a 60% increase in risk of bladder cancer and provided evidence of a dose-response relationship. On the other hand, there was no significant increase in risk for women.
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From page 306... ...
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (1980) concluded, Although a small increase in the risk of urinary bladder cancer in the general population or a larger increase in some individuals consuming very high doses of saccharin cannot be excluded, the epidemiological data provide no clear evidence that saccharin alone, or in combination with cyclamates, causes urinary bladder cancer.
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From page 307... ...
The epidemiological data do not provide a clear indication of an association between the use of nonnutritive sweeteners and cancer, and the results of most studies of bladder cancer have shown no association. Exceptions are the study by Howe et al.
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From page 308... ...
Osborne Mendel rats fed sodium cyclamate at 0.4%, 2%, or 10% in their diet for 101 weeks had an increased incidence of transitional cell papillomas of the urinary bladder, although the number of animals examined histopathologically was small (Friedman et al., 1972~. Cyclamate (1.0 g/kg low/day)
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From page 309... ...
Female Wistar SPF rats treated with 1.5 mg NMU and subsequently fed sodium cyclamate (containing 13 mg/kg cyclohexylamine) in diets at doses of 1, 1.5, or 2.0 g/kg low/day for their lifetime or up to 2 years had a significantly higher incidence of bladder cancer and a significant decrease in latent period (8 weeks vs.
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From page 310... ...
. In another study, no statistically significant differences in the incidence of neoplasms were observed in the urinary bladders of control and treated mice 26 weeks after implantation of cholesterol pellets containing aspartame or its breakdown product diketopiperazine (DKP)
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From page 311... ...
Aspartame appears to be negative in in vitro bacterial mutagenicity tests, in the host-mediated assay, and in dominant lethal tests in rats. It has been reported to be noncarcinogenic in chronic feeding studies in mice and dogs, most of which were conducted by G
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From page 312... ...
BHA was positive in the sister chromatic exchange assay with Chinese hamster cells as indicator organisms; however, it did not induce chromosome aberrations in these cells (Abe and Sasaki, 1977~.
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From page 313... ...
There are no epidemiological studies concerning their effect on human health. At least one adequate bioassay to test the carcinogenicity of BHT has been conducted in each of two species, the mouse and the rat, without clear evidence of carcinogenicity under the conditions of the tests.
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From page 314... ...
Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride . is associated with increased incidence of cancer of the liver, brain, respiratory tract, and lymphatic system, but this evidence has been derived from studies of groups occupationally exposed to high doses of vinyl chloride.
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From page 315... ...
But chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to acrylonitrile for an average of 15.3 years did not exceed those in unexposed controls (Thiess and Fleig, 1978~. Summary and Conclusions.
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From page 316... ...
There are no reports of epidemiological studies concerning the health effects of DES residues in food. Therapeutic doses of DES during pregnancy have been associated with an increase in vaginal and cervical adenocarcinoma among the daughters of DES users, primarily in those between the ages of 10 and 30 years (Greenwald et al., 1973; Herbst and Cole, 1978; Herbst et al., 1972; Hill, 1973)
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From page 317... ...
It induced chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster fibroblasts (Ishidate and Odashima, 1977) and in marine bone marrow cells in viva (Ivett and Tice, 1981~.
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From page 318... ...
In the second, no cases of cancer or blood dyscrasia were reported among 35 workers exposed to 3 to 18 mg DOT daily for 11 to 19 years (Laws et al., 1967~. More than 30 cases of aplastic anemia associated with exposure to toxaphene, lindane, or benzene hexachloride have been reported (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1974; West, 1967; U.S.
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From page 319... ...
However, parathion resulted in an increased incidence of cortical tumors of the adrenal gland in Osborne Mendel rats (National Cancer Institute, 1979f)
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From page 320... ...
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From page 324... ...
The organochlorine compounds and the organophosphates have the potential to modify the activity of microsomal enzymes and to engage in synergistic interactions. Data from the few epidemiological studies that have been conducted permit no conclusion to be drawn about the carcinogenic risk to humans exposed to pesticides.
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From page 325... ...
The effects of PCB's on health have been reviewed recently by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (1978) and the Subcommittee on the Health Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls (1978~.
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From page 326... ...
, are negative in the dominant lethal assay in rats and do not induce chromosome aberrations in cultures of lymphocytes from humans. These findings are difficult to interpret for Aroclor 1254, which induces dose-related hepatocellular carcinoma in female rats and enhances NDEA-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats (Preston _ al., 1981~.
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From page 328... ...
Because of the lack of data from epidemiological studies, it is difficult to determine the significance of these findings for human health. PolYcYclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's)
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From page 329... ...
Epidemiological Evidence. Evidence concerning the association between cancer in humans (mainly cancer of the skin and lung)
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From page 330... ...
In other studies, mice fed a diet containing BaP at 250 mg/kg developed an increasing number of forestomach tumors as the duration of the experiment was extended (Neal and Rigdon, 1967) , and mice exposed for 140 days developed lung tumors and leukemia in addition to forestomach tumors (Rigdon and Neal, 1969~.
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From page 331... ...
However, since studies in animals have shown that PAM's are carcinogenic when administered orally, and occupational exposure to substances containing PAM's has been associated with skin and lung cancer, it would be prudent to minimize the dietary exposure to PAH's.
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From page 332... ...
Many of these contaminants have been extensively tested for carcinogenicity. The results of standard chronic toxicity tests indicate that a number of environmental contaminants (e.g., some organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
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From page 333... ...
1974. Bladder cancer mortality in England and Wales in relation to cigarette smoking and saccharin consumption.
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From page 334... ...
1973. Long-term toxicity of sodium cyclamate in mice.
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From page 335... ...
1970. Synthetic sweetener consumption and bladder cancer trends in the United States.
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From page 336... ...
1979. Promoting effect of saccharin and DL-tryptophan in urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
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From page 337... ...
1972. Detection of chemical mutagens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse.
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From page 338... ...
1975. Letter to the Editor: Chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to vinyl chloride.
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From page 339... ...
1975b. Lack of dominant lethality in rats treated with polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors 1242 and 1254~.
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From page 340... ...
1977. The importance of synergy between weak carcinogens in the induction of bladder cancer in experimental animals and humans.
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From page 341... ...
1977. Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer.
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From page 342... ...
1973. Histopathologic studies on liver tumorigenesis induced in mice by technical polychlorinated biphenyls and its promoting effect on liver tumors induced by benzene hexachloride.
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From page 343... ...
1978. Saccharin, cyclamate, and human bladder cancer.
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From page 344... ...
1974. Inhibitory effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on liver tumorigenesis in rats treated with 3~-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, N-2fluorenylacetamide, and diethylnitrosamine.
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From page 345... ...
III. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols in whisky.
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From page 346... ...
1974. Bladder cancer: Smoking, beverages and artificial sweeteners.
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From page 347... ...
Factors on liver tumor in mice induced by benzene hexachloride (BHC) and technical polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
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From page 348... ...
PB 298-511. Carcinogenesis Testing Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.
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From page 349... ...
1976. Enhancement of diethylnitrosamine hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls or phenobarbital.
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From page 350... ...
1981. Promoting effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254)
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From page 351... ...
1973d. An Evaluation of the Mutagenic Potential in the Rat Employing the Dominant Lethal Assay.
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From page 352... ...
1978. Final report of the Subcommittee on the Health Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls of the DHEW Committee to Coordinate Toxicology and Related Programs.
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From page 353... ...
1981. The use of adult rat liver cultures in the detection of the genotoxicity of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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From page 354... ...
1979. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
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From page 355... ...
1977a. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's)
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From page 356... ...
Inclusion in the Diet of Rats for Three Generations and a Dominant Lethal Mutagenesis Test. Special Report 37-90.
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From page 357... ...
1980. Artificial sweetener and bladder cancer: A case-control studye Science 207:1214-1216.
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