Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer (1982) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
17 The Relationship of Diet to Cancer at Specific Sites
17 The Relationship of Diet to Cancer at Specific Sites
Pages 391-429
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 391... ...
The organization of this chapter reflects the design of most epidemiological studies, which generally examine cancer at specific sites. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER The incidence of esophageal cancer varies widely among different regions of the world.
|
From page 392... ...
, animal products, fat, fruits, vegetables, calcium, and riboflavin; high intakes of pickles, pickled vegetables, and moldy foods containing N-nitroso compounds (possibly produced by the fungal contaminants) ; and consumption of foods at very high temperatures (Coordinating Group for Research on Etiology of Esophageal Cancer in North China, 1975; Yang, 1980~.
|
From page 393... ...
In summary, a number of dietary factors appear to be associated with the risk of esophageal cancer. An increased risk in some parts of the world is associated with alcohol drinking, especially in combination with cigarette smoke, high intakes of pickles and moldy foods possibly containing mycotoxins or N-nitroso compounds, trace mineral deficiencies, and consumption of very hot beverages.
|
From page 394... ...
analyzed age- and sex-adjusted mortality rates for stomach cancer in 16 countries. They found a strong correlation (r = 0.75)
|
From page 395... ...
The Norwegian study also suggested that frequent use of salted fish may be associated with a high risk of stomach cancer. In a large cohort study conducted in Japan, Hirayama (1977)
|
From page 396... ...
In summary, studies in migrants to the United States suggest that gastric cancer is related in part to dietary factors that exert their influence early in life. The factors increasing risk may include frequent consumption of smoked food (which in some parts of the world leads to increased exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
|
From page 397... ...
They found that the per capita intakes of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and cholesterol were directly correlated and that fiber intake was inversely correlated with mortality from colon cancer. The correlation of dietary cholesterol with colon cancer was highly significant and remained so when they controlled for fat or fiber.
|
From page 398... ...
In studies of cancer incidence in Seventh-Day Adventists, Phillips and colleagues reported that a lacto-ovovegetarian diet had a protective effect against colon cancer (Phillips, 1975; Phillips et al., 1980a,b)
|
From page 399... ...
found that consumption of beef, lamb, and fish, and the heavy use of dairy products other than milk and other high-fat foods, were directly associated with the risk of colon cancer, and that there was a slight inverse association with the consumption of milk, vegetable protein products, and green leafy vegetables. Dales _ al.
|
From page 400... ...
Most information on the association between colon cancer and cholesterol levels has been derived from epidemiological studies and intervention trials to determine risk for cardiovascular disease. The findings have been conflicting, and it is not certain whether reported increases in risk of cancer (especially colon cancer)
|
From page 401... ...
reported a weak correlation between liver cancer incidence (but not mortality) and per capita intake of 17-11
|
From page 402... ...
The evidence that excessive alcohol consumption may indirectly contribute to the development of some types of liver cancer is extremely tenuous. PANCREATIC CANCER The per capita intake of several foods has been associated with pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality in a number of international studies.
|
From page 403... ...
(1980) that pancreatic cancer incidence rates are the same for migrant and native-born Japanese groups in Hawaii, which have similar rates for beer consumption but not for total alcohol consumption.
|
From page 404... ...
However, the uniformly poor correlation of gallbladder cancer with other cancers associated with high fat diets appears to militate against high fat diets as a causal factor. No case-control study of dietary factors and cancer of this site has been reported.
|
From page 405... ...
In an analysis based on international data, Armstrong and Doll (1975) found a direct association of bladder cancer mortality, but not incidence, with per capita intake of fats and oils, particularly in women.
|
From page 406... ...
International incidence and mortality data have shown correlations of renal cancer with per capita intake of coffee, milk, meat, total fat, and animal protein (Armstrong and Doll, 1975; Shennan, 1973~. In a correlation study of ethnic-specific incidence rates for renal cancer with corresponding intakes of alcohol based on representative interview data, Hinds _ al.
|
From page 407... ...
The second type of evidence has been provided by studies correlating breast cancer incidence and mortality with per capita intake of total fat and other nutrients in different countries (Armstrong and Doll, 1975; Carroll, 1975; Drasar and Irving, 1973; Hems, 1978; Knox, 1977) , including Japan (Hirayama, 1977)
|
From page 408... ...
(1979) evaluated the effect of per capita intake of total fat and animal protein on international incidence and mortality rates for breast cancer, while controlling for height, weight, and age at menarche.
|
From page 409... ...
, and the correlation of dietary variables, especially per capita intake of total fat, with incidence of and mortality from ovarian cancer (Armstrong and Doll, 1975; Lingeman, 1974~. In one case-control study, Annegers et al.
|
From page 410... ...
found a significant direct correlation of prostate cancer mortality, but not incidence, with the per capita intake of total fat and the intake of fats and oils. They noted a high intercorrelation of coffee and fat consumption in their data, which they believed could explain the association with coffee drinking reported by Stocks.
|
From page 411... ...
There is good evidence that an increased risk of prostate cancer is associated with certain dietary factors, especially the intake of high fat and high protein foods, which usually occur together in the diet. There is some evidence that foods rich in vitamin A or its precursors and vegetarian diets are associated with a lower risk.
|
From page 412... ...
1975. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.
|
From page 413... ...
1974. Geographic correlations between cancer mortality rates and alcohol-tobacco consumption in the United States.
|
From page 414... ...
1971. Gastric cancer in Icelanders in Manitoba.
|
From page 415... ...
1980. Stomach cancer mortality in Worksop and other Nottinghamshire mining towns.
|
From page 416... ...
1979. Breast cancer mortality and diet in the United States.
|
From page 417... ...
1979. Breast-cancer incidence and mortality rates in different countries in relation to known risk factors and dietary practices.
|
From page 418... ...
1977. Changing patterns of cancer in Japan with special reference to the decrease in stomach cancer mortality.
|
From page 419... ...
1974. Factor analysis of international cancer mortality data and per capita food consumption.
|
From page 420... ...
1979. Stomach cancer mortality in the north central states: High risk is not limited to the foreign-born.
|
From page 421... ...
1981. Breast cancer following high dietary fat and protein consumption.
|
From page 422... ...
1979. Time trends in colo-rectal cancer mortality in relation to food and alcohol consumption: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
|
From page 423... ...
1979. Dietary risk factors in human bladder cancer.
|
From page 424... ...
1973. Dietary aflatoxins and liver cancer -- a population based study in Kenya.
|
From page 425... ...
1977a. Cancer mortality correlation studies
|
From page 426... ...
1972a. Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer.
|
From page 427... ...
1974. Primary liver cancer rate and aflatoxin intake in a high cancer area.
|
From page 428... ...
1975. Dietary factors and special epidemiological situations of liver cancer in Thailand and Africa.
|
From page 429... ...
used per unit area and stomach cancer mortality rates. Experientia 33:264265.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.