Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer (1982) / Chapter Skim
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From page 457... ...
, 321, 324, 431-432 achlorhydria, 172, 393 acrylonitrile, 13, 315, 332; see also food additives additives, food, see food additives adriamycin, 292 aflatoxins, 12, 26, 42, 87, 112-115 passim, 142, 151, 204, 234-240, 257, 291, 392, 401, 402, 435; see also mycotoxins agar, 133 Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) , 240, 242, 257 agaritine, 240 age, and cancer, 376-377 air, 1, 23, 24, 162, 253, 279 alcohol consumption alimentary tract cancer and, 205 and cancer, 11, 16, 108, 202-208, 383 carcinogens and, 206-208 passim cigarette smoking and, 11, 16, 205-206, 207, 208, 391 colon cancer and, 203, 400 colorectal cancer and, 11, 202-203, 208, 400 epidemiological evidence on, 202-206 esophageal cancer and, 11, 140, 144, 202-208 passim, 391-393, 402 experimental evidence on, 206-208 gastrointestinal cancer and, 16, 202 head and neck cancer and, 206 intestinal cancer and, 108, 400 kidney cancer and, 202 laryngeal cancer and, 11, 139, 145, 202, 204, 208, 383, 391 liver cancer and, 11, 204, 208, 401-402 lung cancer and, 202, 204 malnutrition and, 206 mechanisms for cancer induction, 205, 206-208 microsomal enzymes and, 207 Mormons and, 381 nutritional status and, 206 oral cavity cancer and, 11, 202-208 passim, 383, 391 pancreatic cancer and, 202, 403 pharyngeal cancer and, 202, 204 Plummer-Vinson syndrome and, 206 prostate cancer and, 202 rectal cancer and, 202, 203, 208, 400, 401 renal cancer and, 406 respiratory tract cancer and, 11, 16, 205, 206, 208 *
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From page 458... ...
, 113, 291 aminopyrene, 148 aniline dyes, 20 animal protein, 392 animal studies, see experimental evidence; laboratory methods anise, 243 anticarcinogens, 27, 164 antimony, 162 antioxidants, 13, 291-292, 311-313, 360-362, 364; see also anticarcinogens; inhibitors; and specific ant i oxidants antipyrine, 365 AOM (azoxymethane) , 83, 87, 88, 92, 132-133 aplastic anemia, 318 apple juice, 249 apples, 182, 184, 289, 290 apoenzymes, 151 Aroclor 1254, 326 aromatic amines, 39, 277, 365 aromatic isothiocyanates, 359, 362-363, 366 arsenic and cancer, 10-11, 162, 163, 179, 181-184 cigarette smoking and, 183 cocarcinogenicity, 183 epidemiological evidence on, 182, 183-184 experimental evidence on, 182-183, 184 drinking water and, 10, 181, 182, 183 liver cancer and, 182 lung cancer and, 182, 183 mutagenicity, 183 250, skin cancer and, 182, 183 toxicity, 181 wine drinking and, 182 see also minerals aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)
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From page 459... ...
, 291, 311-313, 365; see also antioxidants; food additives cabbage, 11, 60, 289, 290, 359, 362, 364, 365, 366, 395, 399; see also cruciferous vegetables cadmium and cancer, 10-11, 162, 163, 179-181 breast cancer and, 179 endometrial cancer and, 179, 180 epidemiological evidence on, 179-180 experimental evidence on, 180 intestinal cancer and, 179 leukemia and, 179 liver cancer and, 180 lung cancer and, 179 oral cavity cancer and, 179 pharyngeal cancer and, 179 prostate cancer and, 179, 180, 181, 410-411 renal cancer and, 180, 181, 406 selenium and, 167 skin cancer and, 179 toxicity, 179 tumors and, 179, 180 uterine cancer and, 179, 180 urinary bladder cancer and, 179 see al so minerals caffeine carcinogenesis and, 224, 246-247 mutagenesis and, 247-248, 287 see also coffee calcium, 52, 62, 392 calories and cancer, 66-70 B vitamins and, 150 animal experiments and, 68-70 breast cancer and, 67, 106, 407 carbohydrates and, 66 colorectal cancer and, 67, 132 colon cancer and, 67, 400 diets high in, 69, 404 diets low in, 69 epidemiological evidence on, 66-68, 69 experimental evidence on, 68-70 fats and, 36, 66 fiber and, 66 laboratory methods for, 43 rectal cancer and, 67, 400 total caloric intake, 3-4, 15, 43, 51, 52, 53, 59, 66-70, 83
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From page 460... ...
of, 21, 22, 28, 359-360 protein and, 5-6, 106116, 382-383 pyrrolizidine alkaloids and, 242-243 radiation and, 24 relationship to diets, 2, 3-4, 17-28, 391411, 437-440 relationship to other diseases, 384 religious groups and, 73-74, 76, 381-382, 384, 398, 402, 403, 410 risk to human health, 14, 430-440 selenium and, 9-10, 162-169 socioeconomic status and, 379-381 tannins and, 249 thiourea and, 248-249 time trends and, 376-378 total caloric intake and, 3-4, 66-70 tryptophan and, 250 vegetables and, 358359, 366 vitamin A and, 7-8, 138-144 vitamin C and, 7-8, 138, 144-147 vitamin E and, 7, 8-9, 138, 147-149 vitamin K and, 7, 138 vitamins and, 7-9, 11, 138-152, 359 zinc and, 10, 169172 see also specific types of cancer cancer, tests for, see epidemiological evidence; epidemiological methods; experimental evidence; laboratory methods cancer risk Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and, 431-432 assessment of, 430-440 contribution of diet to, 14, 439-440 diet and, see specific foods, nutrients, and nonnutritive dietary components
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From page 461... ...
Index 461 diet-related carc~nogenes~s and, 437-439 dietary guidelines for lowering, 14-16 epidemiological studies and, 436-437 estimation of, 436-437 food additives and, see food additives; and specific f ood additives Food Safety Council and, 432, 433 inhibitors of, 11, 358-366 initiators of, 430-434 mathematical models for, 432-434, 437-438 modifiers of, 430-431, 434-435 mutagenicity tests and, 435-436 quantitation of, 437-438 Recommended Dietary Allowances and, 438 canthaxanthin, 143 captan, 320 caramel, 249, 286 carbamates, 318, 319, 324; see also aldicarb; carbaryl carbamoyl phosphate, 251 carbaryl, 323, 324 carbohydrates and cancer, 6, 123-127 breast cancer and, 123 diets high in, 61 epidemiological evidence on, 123-124, 126-127 epidemiological methods for, 36 esophageal cancer and, 123-124 experimental evidence on, 124-127 fiber and, 61, 130 mutagens and, 285-286 stomach cancer and, 123 total caloric intake and, 66 see also specific carbohydrates carcinogenesis chemically induced, 26-28 early stages, 26-27 experimentally induced, 21-23, 26-28 inhibitors of, 11, 358-366 initiators of, 21-22, 26-28, 431-434 late stages, 27-28 modifiers of, 434-435 "spontaneous, n 22-23, 26 see also cancer; carcinogens carcinogens alcohol and, 207-208 passim anticarcinogens, 27, 164 cocarcinogens, 27, 81, 173, 177, 183, 207, 247 enzyme systems and, 364-365 laboratory methods for, 38-43 naturally occurring, 12, 38, 42, 217, 234-258, 277-278 nonspecific, 22 procarcinogens, 130, 167, 207 regulation of, 218, 219 see also carcinogenesis cardiovascular disease, 77, 384, 400 carotenes, 7, 8, 11, 15, 36, 58, 60, 61, 62, 138, 140-144 passim, 366, 405; see also vitamin A carrots, 140, 395, 406, 410; see also carotenes casein, 110, 111-116 passim, 280, 290 cassava, 170, 393 cassia, 249 cattle, 316, 406 cauliflower, 11, 362, 364, 366 celery, 358, 364, 395 cells abnormal, 17, 18-20, 21, 39-40 behavior, 18-19, 430-431 cultures, 45, 146, 167 division, 17-18 heredity, 19-20 multiplication, 17-20 passim, 277 normal, 17-18, 21 cellulose, 7, 123, 130, 131, 133, 134, 398 cereals, 6, 7, 8, 15, 51, 60, 123, 134, 163, 252, 318, 398, 399 cervical cancer body weight and, 68 cigarette smoking and, 377, 382 DES and, 316, 317 diet and, 382 incidence correlations and, 380 Mormons and, 382 protein and, 382 charcoal-broiled steak and, 278-279 cheese, 61, 109, 279, 288, 325, 408, 410 chenodeoxycholic acid, 83; see also bile acids chicken, 280, 290 Chinese hamster ovary cells, 285-286, 291, 312, 328; see also mutagenicity tests chlordane, 318, 319, 321, 325 chlorinated compounds, 277, 319 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 325 chlorinated naphthalenes, 325 chlorogenic acid, 247 chlorophyll, 290 chocolate, 406 cholangiofibrosis, 113 cholesterol and cancer, 4, 5, 73-93 passim bile duct cancer and, 78 breast cancer and, 79, 80, 408 cardiovascular disease and, 77 colon cancer and, 77-81, 90-91, 131, 383, 396-401 passim colorectal cancer and, 79, 132, 398 coronary heart disease and, 79, 398
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From page 462... ...
462 Index dietary, 77, 80, 90 epidemiological evidence on, 77-81, 90 epidemiological methods for, 34, 35 esophageal cancer and, 79 ethnic groups and, 7879 hematopoietic system and, 79 Hodgkin's disease and, 79 leukemia and, 79 liver cancer and, 78, 79 lung cancer and, 79 lymphatic system and, 79 noncoronary heart disease and, 79 oral cavity cancer and, 79 plasma, 78 pancreatic cancer and, 78, 79 rectal cancer and, 78, 80 serum, 77-81 stomach cancer and, 78 see also fats; lipids cholestyramine, 83 cholic acid, 81, 83 choline, 27, 86, 149-150, 151; see also B vitamins chromatic exchange assay, 312 chromium, 162, 179 chronic toxicity tests, 432; see also experimental evidence; laboratory methods chrysene, 207 cigarette smoking alimentary tract cancer and, 205 alcohol consumption and, 11, 16, 205-206, 207, 208, 391 arsenic and, 183 breast cancer and, 382 cervical cancer and, 377, 382 endometrial cancer and, 382 esophageal cancer and, 11, 140, 144, 205, 208, 391 gastrointestinal tract cancer and, 16 laryngeal cancer and, 11, 139, 145, 208, 391 lung cancer and, 11, 20-21, 23, 25, 139, 372, 378, 404, 405 Mormons and, 381-382 oral cavity cancer and, 11, 205, 206, 208, 391 ovarian cancer and, 382 pancreatic cancer and, 403 pharyngeal cancer and, 205 renal cancer and, 406 respiratory tract cancer and, 1, 11, 16, 205, 206, 208 Seventh-Day Adventists and, 381 skin cancer and, 378 stomach cancer and, 140, 358, 377, 382, 396 / urinary bladder cancer and, 139, 304, 405 cinnamic acid, 362 cirrhosis, 11, 113, 164, 165, 204, 208, 238, 391, 402; see also liver cancer citrus fruits, 15, 36, 60-61, 144, 395 clofibrate, cancer and, 78 clover, 245 coconut oil, 83, 85, 88 coenzymes, 151 cobalt, 179 cocoa, 286 coffee, 139, 224, 246247, 249, 279, 286, 287, 365, 381, 399, 402, 403, 405, 406, 410; see also caffeine coffee beans, 365 cole slaw, 358, 395 co. on cancer alcohol consumption and, 203, 400 B vitamins and, 151 body weight and, 68 calories and, 67, 400 cholesterol and, 77-83, 90-91, 131, 383, 396-401 passim coronary heart disease and, 398 cruciferous vegetables and, 359, 401 diet and, 2, 14, 25, 42, 372, 383, 396401 passim dietary fiber and, 7, 75, 130-134 passim, 359, 383, 384, 396-401 passim endometrial cancer and, 410 ethnic groups and, 132, 373, 374, 375 fats and, 4, 5, 7, 14, 42, 75-77, 81-83passim, 92, 93, 383, 384, 396-401 passim fecal steroids and, 36, 81-83 glucose and, 125 incidence correlations, 378-380, 384 meat and, 396-401 passim migration and, 374-376, 398 Mormons and, 382, 384, 398 mycotoxins and, 237 Pa rs i/Hi ndu communities and, 382 protein and, 107-108, 400 selenium and, 163, 397 Seventh-Day Adventists and, 76, 381, 384, 394 p-sitosterol and, 364 socioeconomic status and, 379-381, 397 vegetables and, 359, 396-401 passim vitamin A and, 142 vitamin C and, 145, 146 zinc and, 170 colorectal cancer alcohol consumption and, 11, 202-203, 208, 400
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From page 463... ...
, 242 croton oil, 22, 143, 149 cruciferous vegetables, 11, 60, 61, 62, 145, 359, 362, 364, 365, 366, 401; see al so broccoli; Brussels sprouts; cabbage; cauliflower; raw vegetables; vegetables cured foods, see saltcured (salt-pickled) foods cuttlefish, 280 cycad nuts, 248, 257, 401 cycasin, 248, 401 cyclamates, 304, 305, 308-309; see also food additives; saccharin cyclodienes, 318; see also organochlorine compounds cyclohexylamine, 309 cystic lesions, 113 cystine, 110 D dairy products, 53, 54, 61, 73, 318, 326, 398, 399, 408; see also specific dairy products Delaney Clause, see Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act deoxycholic acid, 81; see also bile acids; bile salts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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From page 464... ...
, 88, 132-133, 326 eggplant, 289 eggs, 8, 54, 108, 109, 147, 279, 288, 325, 382, 402, 403, 407, 410 Ehrlich ascites cells, 167, 170 electrophiles, 364 endemic goiter and, 175, 176, 177 endocrine glands, 17 body weight and, 68, 409 endometrial cancer body weight and, 68, 409 breast cancer and, 109, 409 cadmium and, 179, 180 caloric intake and, 68
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From page 465... ...
37-38, mycotoxins, 236-237, 238-239 plant metabolites, 244, 246 nitrate, nitrite, and N-n itroso compounds, 253-254, 256 protein, 106-109, 116 selenium, 163-164, 168 total caloric intake, 66-68, 69 vitamin A, 138-140 vitamin C, 144-145 vitamin E, 147 zinc, 169-170, 171, 172 see al so dietary data; epidemiological methods epidemiological methods assessment of, 37-38, 436-437 bias and, 37 case-control studies, 31, 34, 35, 37, 44, 46, 436 cohort studies, 32, 35, 37, 44, 436, 437 correlation studies, 31, 38, 44, 437 criteria for assessment of, 37-38, 43-44 descriptive studies, 31, 44 intervention studies, 32 interviews, 37 limitations of, 31-32, 37-38 see al so dietary data; epidemiological evidence epidemiology, see epidemiological evidence; epidemiological methods Epstein-Barr virus, 24 Escherichia cod i, 178 180, 183, 250, 314, 315, 317 esophageal cancer alcohol consumption and, 11, 140, 144, 202-208 passim, 391-393, 402 carbohydrates and, 123-124 cholesterol and, 79 cigarette smoking and, 11, 140, 144, 205, 208, 391 coffee and, 249 diet and, 15, 372, 391-393 ethnic groups and, 373, 374 fats and, 392 hot beverages and, 392, 393 incidence correlations, 379-380, 384 iron and, 170, 172 moldy foods and, 392, 393 molybdenum and, 10, 178, 179, 392 mycotoxins and, 237, 392, 393 nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds and, 253, 256, 258 pickled foods and, 237, 392, 393 socioeconomic status and, 381 vegetables and, 139-140, 392, 393 vitamin A and, 139-140, 144, vitamin C and, 144-145, 147, 179, 392 zinc and, 169-170, 171 essential fatty acids, 85, 86, 91 estragole, 243-244, 257 estrogenic compounds, 245-246 estrone, 245 ethanol, 203-207 passim, 251, 391, 400; see also alcohol consumption ethnic groups 73, 74, 7879, 131-132, 372374, 375, 383, 402, 404, 408, 410 ethnic groups, cancer incidence in (tables) , 373, 375 ethyl carbamate (urethan)
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From page 466... ...
, 141, 146, 307 FAD/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, 219, 224 fats and cancer, 4-5, 33, 73-93 passim, 382-383, 384 breast cancer and, 42, 73-74, 76-77, 89-90, 106-107, 382, 383-384, 407, 408, 440 colon cancer and, 4, 5, 7, 14, 42, 75-77, 81-93 passim, 383, 384, 396-401 passim colorectal cancer and, 7,8, 76, 132, 382, 440 dietary, 4, 5, 68-69, 73-93 passim, 106-107 dietary guidelines for, 14-1S diets high in, 3, 4-5, 14-15, 42, 73, 76, 77, 82, 84-88 passim, 92, 393, , . 404, 408 diets low in, 3, 4-5, 14-15, 69, 82, 84, 87, 88, 92 endometrial cancer and, 382, 384, 409 epidemiological evidence on, 78-77, 89-90, 92-93 epidemiological methods for, 36 esophageal cancer and, 392 experimental evidence on, 83-89, 91-93 fiber and, 6-7 gastrointestinal tract cancer and, 75-77 hepatic cancer and, 86-87 intestinal cancer and, 75, 76, 87-89, 92, 383 mutagens, 279 organochlorine compounds and, 318 ovarian cancer and, 74, 382, 384, 409 pancreatic cancer and, 75, 76, 87, 382, 384, 402 polyunsaturated, 4, 5, 15, 36, 73, 77, 89-93 passim, 290, 384 prostate cancer and, 4, 74, 89, 246, 383, 410, 411 protein and, 5-6, 106-107, 383 rectal cancer and, 75, 76, 107, 384, 396-401 passim renal cancer and, 406 reproductive organs and, 74-75 saturated, 4, 5, 15, 36, 67, 73-77 passim, 80, 85-93 passim, 132, 290, 384, 399, 400, 401, 408, 440 stomach cancer and, 75 total caloric intake and, 66 urinary bladder cancer and, 382, 405 see also cholesterol; lipids; and specific fats fecal steroids, 36, 8183, 90-91; see al so bile acids; bile salts Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 13, 217-218, 219, 220-221, 332 fermentation products, 251 fermented milk products, 398 fiber and cancer, 6-7, 33, 61, 82, 130-134, 359 breast cancer and, 383 caloric intake and, 4 carbohydrates and, 61, 130 colon cancer and, 7, 75, 130-134 passim, 359, 383, 384, 396-401 passim colorectal cancer and, 6-7, 130-134 passim, 399 crude, 130, 132 dietary, 6-7, 123, 130-134 diets high in, 6-7, 61, 131, 133 diets low in, 6-7, 76, 130, 133, 399 epidemiological evidence on, 130-132, 134 experimental evidence on, 132-134 pentosan fraction and, 130, 131, 133, 398 rectal cancer and, 131, 359, 396-401 passim total caloric intake and, 66 vegetables and, 131 see al so speci f ic f ibers
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From page 467... ...
, 226-227 coloring agents, 55, 218, 220, 224 direct, 218-221 passim epidemiological evidence on, 304-317 passim, 332 experimental evidence on, 304-317 passim, 332 flavoring ingredients, 218, 220, 224 human exposure to, 222 indirect, 218-221 passes intentional, 218, 219, 220, 222, 226-227 mutagenicity, 224-225, 304-317 passim recommendations for, 15 regulation of, 218, 219 toxicity, 224 unintentional, 218, 219, 221, 222, 227 see al so Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; and speck fic food additives Additives Amendment, see Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Food and Agriculture Organization, 235 and Drug Administration, 13, 164, 177, 181, 217, 219, 222, 254, 305, 310, 311, 313, 316, 318, 321, 325, 326, 332, 434 food constitutents, categories of, 220-221; see also food additives; contaminants food disappearance data, 33, 44, 163, 174, 383, 397; see al so dietary data foods pickled, 393, 394 processed, 51-63 passim, 217-228 passim, 304-317 passim salt-cured, 3, 15 salt-pickled, 3, 15, 396 salty, 59, 395 smoked, 12, 15, 59, 279, 292, 329, 330, 331, 394, 396 spiced, 393 starchy, 285 see also carcino gens; contaminants; diets; food addi tives; mutagens; nonnutrients; nutrients; and speck fic food s forage crops, 163 french-fried potatoes, 60 fruit juices, 55, 252; see also specific f ruit juices fruits, 3, 6, 7, 8, 15, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 134, 140, 147, 181, 249, 286, 288, 289, 329, 363, 381, 392, 393; see al so Food Safety Council, speck fic fruits Scientific fumaric acid, 222 Committee of the, fungi, 392 432, 433 2-(2-furyl) -3-(5changes in supply, 51-62, 217 cooked, 278-286, 292, 329, 331 cured, 3, 15, 396 dried, 55, 59, 395 effects on enzyme systems, 364-365 epidemiological methods for, 32-36, 41-43 extracts, 43, 287-288 fermented, 237 fresh, 51-63 passim, 394 fried, 395, 408 laboratory methods for, 38-43 moldy, 59, 237, 392, 393 mutagens in, 277292 mutagens in (tables)
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From page 468... ...
, 319, 320, 325; see also organo chlorine compounds Hodgkin's disease, 79, 164 hormones, 18, 66, 251, 316-317, 409 human studies, see dietary data; epidemiological evidence; epidemio logical methods; cancer risk, assessment of hydrazines, 12, 240-242, 257 hydroxylating enzymes, 167 indium, 162 indole-3-carbinol, 362, 365 indoles, 11, 62, 359, 362, 365, 366 inhibitors, see cancer risk; carcinogenesis inositol, 151; see also B vitamins International Agency for Research on Cancer, 224, 234, 306 intestinal cancer alcohol consumption and, 108, 400 cadmium and, 179 caloric intake and, 67 causes, 23 copper and, 174 diet and, 382 fats and, 75, 76, 77 87-89, 92, 383 fiber and, see colon cancer lead and, 184 protein and, 107-108, 114 zinc and, 169 see also colon cancer; colorectal cancer; gastrointestinal tract cancer; rectal cancer insecticides, see pesticides · . ~ lOC , lne and cancer, 10, 175-178 breast cancer and, 176, 177 deficiency, 177 endometrial cancer and, 176, 177 epidemiological evidence, 176, 177, 178 experimental evidence 177-178 ovarian cancer and, 176, 177 thyroid cancer and, 10, 176, 177, 178 see al so minerals
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From page 469... ...
Index 469 IQ, 282, 283, 285; see also amino acids, pyrolysates iron proteins and, 106 vinyl chloride and, 314 see also renal cancer alimentary tract cancer and, 172 and cancer, 9, 10, 172-173, 179 deficiency of, 10, 172, 173, 393-394 epidemiological evidence on, 172-173 esophageal cancer and, 170, 172 experimental evidence on, 173 heme, 62 hepatic cancer and, 173 high concentrations of, 10 laboratory studies, laryngeal cancer and, 172 lung cancer and, 172 nutritional status and, 206 Plummer-Vinson syndrome and, stomach cancer 10, 172, 173 supply, 51 vitamins and, 172 ischemic heart disease, 78, 384 isorhamnetin, 286 isothiocyanates, 11, 51, 62 jams, 286 K 206 and, ksempferol, 12, 286, 288, 292 kahweol palmitate, 365 kale, 60, 329 Kanechlor 400, 325, 326 Kepone (chlordecone) , 319, 321, 324: see also organochlorine compounds kidney, cancer of alcohol consumption and, 202 ethnic groups and, 373, 375 lead and, 184 L laboratory animals, see experimental evidence laboratory methods · · carclnogenesls and, 38-43 evaluation of, 43-46 molecular structure analysis, 38-39 short-term tests, 39-40 see experimental evidence; laboratory methods laburnum shrubs, 248 lactose, 125, 126 lamb, 399 lard, 58, 59, 83, 85, 88 laryngeal cancer alcohol consumption and, 11, 139, 145, 202, 204, 208, 383, 391 cigarette smoking and, 11, 139, 145, 208, 391 diet and, 383 iron and, 172 vegetables and, 139 vitamin A and, 7, 139, 143, 145 vitamin C and, 139, 145 lasiocarpine, 242, 243 lead and cancer, 10-11, 162, 179, 184-186 carclnogen~cley, 184-185 drinking water and, 184-185 epidemiological evidence on, 184-185 experimental evidence on, 184-185 intestinal cancer and, 184 kidney cancer and, 184 leukemia and, 184 mutagenicity, 18S ovarian cancer and, 184 stomach cancer and, 184 lead compounds, and cancer, 181-185 lecithin, 222 legumes, 108 leiomyomas, 19 lemons, 250 lettuce, 289-290, 358, 395, 396; see also raw vegetables leukemias amino acids and, 110 ascorbic acid and, 110 cadmium and, 179 caloric intake and, 67 cholesterol and, 79 copper and, 174 lead and, 184 pesticides and, 318 proteins and, 114 types of, 19, 22 selenium and, 163 zinc and, 169, 170 lignin, 130 lima beans, 363 lime, 174 1indane, 318, 319, 321, 325 linear dose-response model, 432 linoleate, 84; see also essential fatty acids; polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid, 85, 86, 87, 132, 290; see also essential fatty acids; polyunsaturated fatty acids lentils, 392 lip, cancer of the, see oral cavity cancer lipids, 4-5, 73-93, 148; see also cholesterol; fats lipoperoxides, 167 lipoproteins, 81 liposomes, 82 lipotropes, 86, 89, 91, 151, 206 liquor, 329, 406; see also alcohol consumption liver (food)
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From page 470... ...
, 132-133, 248, 361 methylxanthines, 247-248, 257 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA) , 69, 81, 83, 110, 114, 141, 146, 148, 290, 311, 329 methylquanidine, 174 methylurea, 145 migrants, see migration migration, 20, 23-25, 374-376, 384, 398, 403, 407 milk, 61, 109, 139, 140, 235, 245, 279, 288, 325, 396, 398, 399, 402, 406, 407, 408, 410 milk products, 61, 410 millet, 170, 393 mineral oil, 331 minerals and cancer, 9-11, 162-186, 359 availability in food supply, 51 epidemiological evidence on, 162 experimental evidence on, 162-163 toxicity, 30
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From page 471... ...
, 239 colon cancer and, 237 epidemiological evidence on, 236-237, 238-239 experimental evidence on, 236-238, 257 esophageal cancer and, 237, 392, 393 liver cancer and, 236-240 passim, 257, 401 tumors and, 236, 238, 257 see al so speck f ic mycotoxins myocardial infarction, 398 myricetin, 286, 288 see al so speck f ic mineral s mint leaf, 289 mirestrol, 245 miticides, 318 molds, see mycotoxins molybdenum and cancer, 10, 178-179 ascorbic acid and, 1 deficiency of, 178, 179 epidemiological evidence on, 178, 179 esophageal cancer and, 10, 178, 179, 392 experimental evidence on, 178, 179 stomach cancer and, 10 monocrotaline, 242, 243, 257 Mormons, 381-382, 384, 398, 402, 403, 410 morpholine, 145 mouth cancer, see oral cavity cancer multihit model, 433 multistage model, 433, 434 mushrooms, 12, 240-242, 257, 289; see al so hydrazines; and speck f ic mushrooms mustard greens, 290 mutagenesis antioxidants and, 291-292 cancer experiments and, 21-22, 26-28 carbohydrates and, 285-286 laboratory methods for, 39-40, 41-43 modifiers of, 289-292 N tests for, 277-278, N-methyl-N'-nitrosee also mutagens mutagenicity tests, 277-278, 435-436; see al so mutagens mutagens and cancer, 12, 21-22, 26, 217, 277-292 antimutagens, 288-292 passim _78 N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) , 82, 89, 142, 174, 291 N-methylaniline, 145 N-nitroso compounds, 8, 11, 15, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 237, 252-258 passim, 324, 330, 392, 393, 396; see al so carbamates; nitrosamines; pesticides N-nitrosocarbaryl, 324 N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)
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From page 472... ...
, 320-323, 332 organophosphates, 318, 319, 324; see also specific compounds Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) , 434 oils, 73, 402, 405, 410; see also specific oils oleic acid, 132, 290 olive oil, 315, 331 onions, 280, 288 opium, 392 oral cavity cancer alcohol consumption and, 11, 202-208 passim, 383, 391 cadmium and, 179 cigarette smoking and, 11, 205, 206, 208, 391 cholesterol and, coffee and, 246 diets and, 383 socioeconomic status and, 379-381 zinc and, 170 orange juice, 36, 55 oranges, 36, 250 organic compounds, natural and synthetic, 317 organochlorine compounds, 14, 317-325 passim: see also contaminants; organochlorine pesticides; pesticides iodine and, 176, 177 lead and, 184 Mormons and, 382 selenium and, 163 zinc and, 170 oxytetracycline, 145 p pai-kan, 202 palladium, 162, 163 palm kernels, 245 palmitic acid, 290 pancreatic cancer alcohol consumption and, 202, 403 cholesterol and, 78, 79 cigarette smoking and, 403 coffee and, 246, 403 diabetes and, 403 diets and, 372, 382, 402-403 ethnic groups and, 373, 374, 375 fats and, 75, 76, 86-87, 382, 384, 402 incidence correla tions, 379-380, 384 migration and, 403 Mormons and, 403 proteins and, 106, 108, 402 saccharin and, 306, 308 selenium and, 163 socioeconomic status and, 381 sugar and, 123 parasorbic acid, 250, 257 parathion, 319, 322, 324; ovarian cancer see also organo phosphates Parsi/Hindu communities, 382 parsley, 290 peaches, 288 peanut oil, 82, 236 peanuts, 170, 235, 236, 393 pears, 250 peas, 53 pecans, 235 pectin, 130, 133 pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)
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From page 473... ...
, 236-237 probit model, 433 propenylic benzene derivatives, 243-244 p-propiolactone, 291 prostate cancer alcohol consumption and, 202 cadmium and, 179, 180, 181, 410-411 coffee and, 246, 410 DES and, 316 diet and, 372, 383, 410-411 ethnic groups and, 74, 373, 374, 375, 410 fats and, 4, 74, 89, 246, 383, 410, 411 incidence correlations, 378, 384 Mormons and, 410 protein and, 106, 109, 410, 411 selenium and, 163 vegetables and, 411 vitamin A and, 140, 410, 411 zinc and, 169, 170 protease inhibitors, 359, 360, 363-364 protein and cancer, 5-6, 33, 106-116, 382-383 B vitamins and, 150 breast cancer and, 73, 74, 106-107, 407, 408 cervical cancer and, 382 colon cancer and, 107-108, 400 colorectal cancer and, 106, 107, 132 diets high in, 112-115 passim diets low in, 112-llS passim endometrial cancer and, 106, 109 epidemiological evidence on, 106-109, 116 epidemiological methods for, 36 experimental evidence on, 109-116 fats and, 5-6, 106107, 383 intestinal cancer and, 107-108, 114 kidney cancer and, 106 laboratory diets and, 43 pancreatic cancer and, 106, 108, 402 prostate cancer and, 106, 109, 410, 411 pyrolyzed, 279-284 passim, 292 renal cancer and, 109, 406 selenium and, 164, 168 stomach cancer and, 382 pyridoxine, 149, 152; see al so B vitamins pyrolyzed amino acids, 279-284 passim, 290, 292; see also speci fic pyrolysis products
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From page 474... ...
foods, 3, 15, 396; see also pickled vegetables; pickles salted fish, 395 sardines, 280, 282, 289 sassafras, 243 sausages, 254, 406 Schizasaccharomyces pombe, 314 scurvy, 30, 51 seafood, 109, 163, 279, 329; see also fish seeds, 363 Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) , 224 selenate, 163, 164, 165 selenides, 164 seleniferous grains, 164 selenite, 162, 165 selenium and cancer, 9-10, 162, 163-168 as an antioxidant, 291 antitumor effects, 165-167, 168 breast cancer and, 163, 164 cadmium and, 167
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From page 475... ...
, 148 Seventh-Day Adventists, 73-74, 381, 384, 398, 399 shallot, 289 sheep, 316 shellfish, 279, 329; see also seafood shochu, 202 short-term tests, see mutagenicity tests shortening, 58, 59; see also fats single-hit model, 433 p-sitosterol, 359, 364 skim milk powder, 68 skin cancer arsenic and, 182, 183 cadmium and, 179 cigarette smoking and, 378 copper and, 174 experimentally induced, 21-22 PAM's and, 329, 331 retinoids and, 143, 144 selenium and, 163 sunlight and, 24 vinyl chloride and, 314 vitamin A and, 143, 144 zinc and, 169 smoked foods, 12, 15, 59, 279, 292, 329, 330, 331, 394, 396; see also specific foods socioeconomic status, 379-381, 384, 397, 409 sodium ascorbate, 291 sodium chenodeoxycholate, 82; see also bile salts sodium cyclamate, 308, 309; see al so cyclamates sodium lithocholate, 82; see al so bile salts sodium nitrite, 148, 290; see also nitrate, nitrite, and Nnitroso compounds sodium saccharin, 304, 307; see also saccharin soft drinks, 55, 310, 406 soil, 279 sorbic acid, 255-256 Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash) , 250 soybeans, 53, 56, 182, 245, 280, 281, 363 spices, 289; see also specific spices spinach, 290, 329, 364; see also raw vegetables squamous cells, 141, 142 starches, 58, 62, 108, 123, 124, 126, 279 stearic acid, 290 steroid hormones, 365 stomach cancer alcohol consumption and, 202 cadmium and, 180 caloric intake and, 67 carbohydrates and, 123, 126 cholesterol and, 78 cigarette smoking and, 140, 358, 377, 382, 396 copper and, 169, 174 decreased incidence of, 378 diet and, 14, 15, 372, 382, 383, 393-396 ethnic groups and, 373, 374, 375 fats and, 75 incidence correlations, 378-380 incidence rate, 21 lead and, 184 migration and, 374, 394, 395, 396 milk and, 396 molybdenum and, 10 Mormons and, 382 nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds and, 253, 254, 256, 258, 330, 393-394 PAM's and, 329-330, 331 pesticides and, 319, 324 protein and, 382 salt-cured foods and, 254, 256, 258, 324, 331, 393-396 passed smoked foods and, 329-330, 331, 394, 396 socioeconomic status and, 379 starches and, 123 vinyl chloride and, 314 vegetables and, 358 vitamin A and, 140 vitamin C and, 8, 144, 147, 395, 396 zinc and, 169 strawberries, 288 stress, and cancer, 24 sucrose, 111, 124, 125 sugars, 13, 53, 54, 73, 108, 123, 124, 126,
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From page 476... ...
, 243 tannin acid, see tannins tannins, 249-250, 257 tarragon, 243 tea, 224, 247, 249, 286, 287-288, 381, 403, 406 tellurium, 162 testicular cancer, incidence correlations, 378 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) , 173 theobromine, 247 theophylline, 247 thiamine, 30, 149, see al so B vitamins thiocyanate, 256 thiourea, 248-249, thyroid cancer copper and, 174 iodine and, 10, 176 tin, 162 tissues abnormal, 18-20 normal growth of, 17-18 titanium, 162 tobacco, 329, 381; see also alcohol consumption; cigarette smoking; lung cancer 152; a-tocopherol, see vitamin E tofu, 279, 288 o-toluenesulfonamide, 306 tomato products, 55, 56 tomatoes, 60, 250, 395 tongue cancer, see oral cavity cancer tonka beans, 249 total caloric intake, see calories total fat, see fats total proteins, see protein toxaphene, 318, 319, 321, 325; see also organochlorine compounds trace elements, 11, 162 163, 179, 181, 184, 392; see also specific elements trace minerals, 51, 317, 393; see also specific minerals tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)
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From page 477... ...
vitamins; vitamins vitamin B12, 52, 149, 151, 152; see also B vitamins; vitamins vitamin C (ascorbic acid) added, 58 and cancer, 7-8, 138, 144-147 antioxidant properties, 291 citrus fruits and, 60-61, 144 colon cancer and, 145, 146 colorectal cancer and, 132 deficiency, 51, 146 endometrial cancer and, 145 epidemiological evidence on, 144-145 epidemiological methods for, 36 esophageal cancer and, 8, 140, 144-145, 147, 178, 179, 392 experimental evidence on, 145-147 foods containing, and cancer, 144-147 pass ~ m high concentrations, 8 laryngeal cancer and, 139, 145 low concentrations, 8 nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds and, 252, 253, 255 stomach cancer and, 8, 144, 147, 395, 396 scurvy and, 51 see also vitamins vitamin E (~-tocopherol)
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From page 478... ...
478 Index y yams, 170, 393 yeast, 39, 286 yogurt, 61, 251 Yusho disease, 325 yttrium, 162 Zzearalenone, 245, 257 zinc and cancer, 10, 169-172 bowel cancer and, 170 breast cancer and, 169, 170 bronchogenic cancer and, 170, 171 copper and, 169, 170 deficiency, 206, 393 epidemiological evidence on, 169-170, 171, 172 esophageal cancer and, 169-170, 171 experimental evidence on, 170-172 intestinal cancer and, 169 leukemia and, 169, 170 lung cancer and, 170 oral cavity cancer and, 170 ovarian cancer and, 170 prostate cancer and, 169, 170 skin cancer and, 169 stomach cancer and, 169 urinary tract cancer and, 170 see al so minerals zirconium, 162 Zymbal's gland, cancer, of, and vinyl chloride, 314
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Key Terms
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