Assessing Changing Food Consumption Patterns (1981) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Background Papers for Workshop on Methods for the Collection of Aggregate Data on Food Consumption
Appendix A: Background Papers for Workshop on Methods for the Collection of Aggregate Data on Food Consumption
Pages 43-86
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From page 43... ...
APPENDIX B ackground Papers for A Workshop on Methods for tile Collection of Aggregate Data on Food Consumption
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I doubt George Jasny in the Department of Commerce has any idea how much the old operating agency of the Triple-A contributed to the national income data series over which he has exercised fatherly care for so long. Although the National Bureau of Economic Statistics properly gets the first credit for pioneering, I remember vividly how national income estimates Qf the department were spliced with the figures of the young Simon Kuznets in trying to arrive at some background statistical underpinning of demand estimates for farm products.
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From page 46... ...
Once federal meat inspection activities were well under way, the managers of the agency had a natural desire to collect and report the figures on how much work they were doing. Therein commenced a series of data on production of federally inspected meat, which could readily be converted into carcass weight data on how much federally inspected meat was being consumed.
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The first step was clerical. It was to print tabular cards on which supply and distribution data for the various farm commodities could be compiled.
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PREOCCUPATION WITH WHOEESAEE DISTRIBUTION DATA In this brief introduction I do not come close to doing justice to the virtual profusion of what I call bits and pieces studies relating to food distribution.
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I do not know whether Marketing Research Reports truly had reached the number of 1,017 by 1975 (the date of the study) , but in any case a scanning of those reports would reveal lots of bits and pieces bearing in some way on quantification of food distribution.
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My guess is that the ingestion ratio is highest in fast food services. My attention has been directed recently to energy utilization in food distribution and preparation; and here the hypothesis is that institutional services can be energy conserving except that the fast food business is energy-wasteful because of its profligate packaging.
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Rough estimates are made of farm garden vegetables and of nonfarm home production. Food consumption is measured at the national aggregate level for 260 foods (see Appendix to this paper)
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52 _ a, g 0 C' ~ ._ ' cn V, ~ — ~ ~ s ~ 4 C C ~ o ~ o Z ~ I c ._ o E 11 j C ~n 4 a o c ~ Q E ~ —C.D ~ ~ ~ E / .
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From page 53... ...
For example, the primary distribution level for red meat is the slaughter plant, so all quantities are converted to carcass weight. Most users of USDA consumption data are accustomed to the retail weight figures, which translate from primary distribution weight to retail weight by means of conversion factors that allow for subsequent processing and losses in the distribution system.
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ss 'e En to c)
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Survey datasuch as the Household Food Consumption Survey (now the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey) , which provides data once every 10-12 years is now the principal source of such data.
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The Department of Commerce, in the National Income and Product Accounts, has for many years estimated personal consumption expenditures for food, but this series intentionally
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The new series on total food expenditures is consistent with the quantity figures supplied by the consumption data discussed in the preceding sections. The coverage of both series is all food and the basic equation price x quantity = value- holds.
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The biggest increase was in expenditures for meals and snacks in public eating places up four times. Prices doubled in grocery stores (Table 3)
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MANCHESTER and KENNETH R FARRELL TABLE 3 Factors Affecting Food Expenditures, 1954, 1965, and 1976 1954 1965 1976 Consumer price indexes for food: Grocery store prices 100 111 209 Restaurant prices 100 130 265 Farm value 100 103 185 Wholesale prices 100 107 199 Per capita food consumption: Index 100 101 110 Pounds 100 97 99 Disposable income per capita: Current dollars 1,574 2,430 5,511 Index 100 154 300 TABLE 4 Sources of Change in Food Expenditures Per Capita from 1954 to 1965 and 1976 (in dollars)
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Here the changes between 1952 and 1971 toward less preservation continued in the same direction to 1975. DATA GAPS Because the ESCS food consumption data system is dependent upon the availability of data collected for other purposes, there are major data gaps.
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, although the Institutional Food Manufacturers Association is now updating the 1969 survey. We are now purchasing data from National Diary Panel, Inc., based on a quarterly diary from a sample of households which provides expenditure data on away-from-home purchases of food and some limited data on the foods purchased, primarily for the main course.
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This is similar to Selling Areas Marketing, Inc., but would cover all foods, including perishable items and those delivered directly to the retail store and not moving through the warehouse. This effort was initiated because of an interest in retail prices and marketing margins, but it would yield substantial information on food sales by retail stores.
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With a large enough sample, such data would also permit separation of food stamp recipients from other households of similar characteristics who were not participating. Detailed data on food store sales (or receipts)
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190 pp. APPENDIX: FOOD COMMODITIES COVERED IN CONSUMPTION STATISTICS Primary Distribution Level MEAT Beef Veal Pork Lamb Edible offal (variety meats)
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Lemon juice Lemonade Limeade Noncitrus: Apples Apricots Avocados Bananas Bushberries Cherries Cranberries Figs Grapes Nectarines Peaches Pears Pineapple Papayas Plums and prunes Strawberries Miscellaneous fruit Salad and cocktail Olives Apple juice Grape juice Pineapple juice Prune juice Dates Raisins VEGETABLES Artichokes Asparagus Beans, lima Beans, snap (green) Broccoli Brussels sprouts Cabbage Carrots Kale Lettuce and escarole Peas, green Peppers Spinach Other vegetables Beets Cauliflower Celery Corn x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Fresh x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Measurement and Forecasting of Food Consumption by USDA 67 Fresh Canned Frozen Dried Chilled x x x Canned Frozen Dehydrated
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68 Cucumbers Eggplant Garlic Onions and shallots Tomatoes Pumpkin and squash Catsup and chili sauce, tomato paste and sauce Tomato pulp and puree Tomato and other vegetable .
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Measurement and Forecasting of Food Consumption by USDA 69 Corn products: Flour and meal Cereal Starch Hominy and grits Oat food products Barley products SWEETENERS Sugar, cane Sugar, beet Corn, dextrose (refined corn sugar) Honey Syrups: Corn, high fructose Corn, glucose Maple Sugar cane Sorgo Refiners Edible cane molasses Saccharin (sugar sweetener equivalent)
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This measure of civilian per capita disappearance is computed from primary weight consumption data. For example, beef is measured on a carcass weight basis, a form in which it leaves the packing plant.
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The consumption data include the significant portion of food consumed away from home as well as food consumed on farms where produced. The shift to away from home is not reflected in the index.
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CAS TLE The Nielsen Food Index (NFI) service is the comprehensive national service covering products sold through grocery stores in all 48 contiguous states.
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All advertising that originates with the sample stores, including that of corporate chain stores, is also checked every audit period. These data are reported for each brand on an all-commodity basis nationally and by Nielsen territory.
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The field representatives' goals are to determine the movement of each and every grocery item by brand, size, and type in the product classes under audit and in the stores included in the sample (Table 34. The table is based on a bimonthly period, but monthly or weekly audits are performed in the same fashion.
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It further means that we can provide complete data on drop-shipments of any other packaged food products that are delivered directly from the manufacturer to the store and thus bypassing all warehouses. There are many other standard grocery product groups—such as detergents, toilet soap, floor wax, paper towels, and so forth that are not edible but have been handled in grocery stores for as long as these outlets have been in existence.
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76 OLIVER S CASTLE LA KE ONTA R10 Niagara Orleans Genesee 1 Wyoming , Allegany Taraugus ~ ROCHESTER ; ;' I'm' '''''''1 :§ Monroe Livingsto NEW YORK ~ Ontario 1 1 1 1 1 .~ ~~J \ ~ S;t~llhPn ~ ~ ~I Chemung ~ PENNSYLVANIA .
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C Nielsen Company Services TABLE 4 Nielsen Major Markets % of U.S.
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Table 5 shows a sample report page from Data Services. The product class used in the table is Canned Beef Stew.
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79 3 m an l Be: .
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" Other trends that are also identifiable through our Data Services report may relate to nutrition, convenience, diet, or be ecologically based on container type. Although clients often purchase Data Services alone, many utilize it in conjunction with Nielsen Product Pickup Service, since by means of the pickup service it is possible to obtain samples of new products just introduced into the market.
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They wanted to assess the extent to which nutritional labeling had been accomplished, on a category-by-category basis, and then to measure the growth of the nutritionally labeled items versus competing items not so labeled. The FDA contracted for the Data Services Directory, and matching computer tape, covering the progress of 430 edible grocery product classes in which they were concerned with nutritional labeling.
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Most crackers, cookies, some frozen foods, and other specialty items are also store-door delivered. In order to provide data on all of these items, we utilized Nielsen Food Index Services since they cover all items, regardless of source or type of distribution.
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How complete are the data? I believe this can be answered in the following summary of Nielsen services: · Nielsen Food Index Services including Major Market Serviceprovide consumer sales plus retail inventories, purchases, distribution, out-of-stock, the prices paid by consumers, in-store promotional data, and retailer advertising.
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This difference in selection rates is taken into consideration when sample data are projected to universe estimates. At the same time that stores are audited to obtain data on individual grocery products, total retail dollar movement is obtained for each store for the audit period.
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C Nielsen Company Services 85 Second, nearly all the services are based on scientifically drawn samples.
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