Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Directions for Research (1983) / Chapter Skim
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8. Food Additives, Contaminatns, Carcinogens, and Mutagens
8. Food Additives, Contaminatns, Carcinogens, and Mutagens
Pages 47-51
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From page 47... ...
Long-term studies to evaluate the carcinogenicity of "direct" additives, i.e., those intentionally added to food, may be required when the intended level of usage is high or when possible carcinogenicity is suspected because of the structure or known biological activity of the additive. This same policy applies to "indirect additives," which are used in food packaging and as food processing aids.
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From page 48... ...
Positive results from any of these test systems may be of toxicological significance, because the genetic material, DNA, is similar in all organisms and the mutagenicity of chemicals, even to bacteria, has been correlated with carcinogenicity in animals (National Research Council, 1983~. Most of the studies that have been conducted to identify mutagens in foods have utilized bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium)
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From page 49... ...
For example, the smoking or charcoal-broiling of meat will result in the deposition of mutagenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzota~pyrene; the cooking of some foods can result in the formation of potent mutagens, some of which are the products of the pyrolysis of amino acids; and nitrosamines can be formed during the frying of bacon that contains nitrite (National Research Council, 1982~. The significance of the presence of mutagens in food with respect to cancer risk is largely unknown.
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From page 50... ...
Furthermore, the cancer risk associated with particular food additives cannot generally be determined through epidemiological studies, because the use of these additives is so widespread that the reliable identification of unexposed controls would not be feasible. Therefore, federal regulatory agencies have generally adopted the prudent policy of attempting to restrict the presence of known carcinogens in food to the lowest feasible levels, including outright banning of most carcinogenic food additives.
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From page 51... ...
Chemical identification of ni trosatable precursors and endogenously produced mutagens should be pur sued . · Develop techniques f or a ssessing the mutagenic ef feet s of chemicals on human cells in viva.
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