Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs (1983) / Chapter Skim
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5. Crop Residues
5. Crop Residues
Pages 178-210
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From page 178... ...
2101. The 300 million tons of residues have sufficient energy to meet the entire needs of the present beef cattle industry in the United States.
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From page 179... ...
Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, and Nebraska produce about 50 percent of the total crop residue supply. Wheat straw is more widely distributed over the United States, but tends to be concentrated in the Great Plains States and the Northwest.
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From page 180... ...
Because grain is harvested after the plant reaches physiological maturity, the vegetative portion is high in cell walls and lignin and low in protein and digestible dry matter. It has been clearly shown that lignin inhibits digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose, making about 1.4 times the weight of the lignin in the matter indigestible (Van Soest, 19811.
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From page 181... ...
Dry-matter digestibility of the various parts of the corn plant ranges from 40 to 70 percent and protein content from 2 to 7.5 percent (see Appendix Table 14. The corn residues contain 70 to 80 percent cell walls, with nearly equal quantities of cellulose and hemicellulose.
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From page 182... ...
Wheat straw with only a protein-vitamin-mineral supplement will not maintain weight of gestating beef cows or calves. Acock et al.
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From page 183... ...
Bluegrass straw supported small weight gains and normal production in gestating beef cows (Early and Anderson, 1978) , but considerable amounts of supplemented grain were needed to produce 0.5 kg/day gain in calves (Durham and Hinman, 1979~.
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From page 184... ...
A comparison of bluegrass straw, wheat screenings, and pelleted and nonpelleted cottonseed hulls as roughage sources for yearling steers showed cottonseed hulls to be inferior to the other roughage sources (Heinemann, 19761. When each of the four sources constituted 13 percent of the diet, average daily gains were 1.4, 1.4, 1.3 and 1.2 kg/day, respectively.
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From page 185... ...
Clanton and Harris ( 1966) found that calves fed ensiled sugar beet tops that had been field-wilted achieved higher daily gains than calves fed unwilled ensiled beet tops or calves that were pastured on beet tops (0.61, 0.49, and 0.54 kg/day, respectively)
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From page 186... ...
All of the products are high in moisture but also high in nutritive value, nearly equal to field corn silage. Pea vines are also high in nutritional value (63.4 percent TDN)
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From page 187... ...
However, only four are being routinely used in experimentation with animals: sodium hydroxide, ammonia, calcium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. Chemical treatment breaks the ether linkages between lignin and cellulose or hemicellulose.
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From page 188... ...
The process involves collection and transportation of residue to a central processing plant, followed by chopping or grinding and mixing concentrated sodium hydroxide solution with the residue. Sodium hydroxide serves as a pellet binder in addition to its effect on nutrient digestibility.
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From page 189... ...
Steers gained over twice as rapidly and required approximately half as much feed per unit of gain with 4 g/100 g dry-matter sodium hydroxide treatment of corncobs (see Table 511. Table 52 summarizes three trials comparing performance of calves fed corn silage and chemically treated husklage.
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From page 190... ...
If sodium load causes a mineral imbalance, then supplementation of other minerals may be necessary. Lambs were fed ad libitum either untreated corncobs, 4 g/ l DO g dry-matter sodium hydroxidetreated corncobs, 4 g/ lOO g dry-matter sodium hydroxide-treated corncobs TABLE 52 Silagea Treated Husklage Versus Corn Performance Treated Corn Silage Husklageh Daily gain (kg)
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From page 191... ...
to crop residues indicates that it may also improve residue feeding quality. Ammonia appears to react in a manner similar to sodium hydroxide.
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From page 192... ...
. Calcium hydroxide is less caustic than sodium hydroxide, and greater amounts may be necessary to obtain performance equal to sodium hydroxide treatment alone.
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and calcium hydroxide (CaOH)
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From page 194... ...
The mode of action and compositional changes caused by sodium hydroxide treatment are similar to those for corn plant residues (Coombe et al., 1979b; Lesoing et al., 1980b)
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From page 195... ...
b (kg) c Ratio Corn silage 1.05 6.14 5.79 50% Untreated wheat straw 0.62 5.53 9.05 50% Treated wheat straw + minerals 0.74 5.83 8.04 80% Treated wheat straw, no minerals 0.54 5.32 9.94 78% Treated wheat straw + minerals 0.65 5.51 8.44 aWheat straw was treated with 3.15 g sodium hydroxide and 1.19 g potassium hydroxide/ 100 g wheat straw dry matter.
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From page 196... ...
Grain Sorghum Grain sorghum residue responds to sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide treatment (Chandra and Jackson, 1971; Koers et al., 1972; Sherrod
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197 : Cd sit :' en, At: a' 4Cd ~9 A: o 3 Cal En 4 3 o Is s ~ ~ o Ct _ ~ Ct 4 ,, ._ .s _ o fi C)
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From page 198... ...
(1974) increased the in vitro dry-matter digestibility of rice hulls from 22.5 to 40 percent by adding 12 g sodium hydroxide/100 g dry matter followed by washing.
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From page 199... ...
In a subsequent study the combination of sodium hydroxide treatment with steam-pressure treatment resulted in the largest increase in digestibility (Martin et al., 19761. UTILIZATION SYSTEMS Use of low-quality crop residues has been restricted primarily to ruminants on maintenance rations, such as gestating beef cows.
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From page 200... ...
Feeding straws to cows is of interest because of the availability of wheat straw in many areas. Other residues (corn and grain sorghum)
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From page 201... ...
. Treatment of corncobs with 3 g sodium hydroxide and 1 g calcium hydroxide/100 g dry matter increased gains of growing calves an equivalent of 0.27 kg/day.
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From page 202... ...
Low-cost extensive systems presently make good use of some residues but meet the needs of only a small portion of .70 .60 l Z .50 ~ .40 > .30 ~ 3 9 sodium hydroxide and 1 9 / \ jcium hydroxide/100 9 cobs / \ Entreated \\ /\ 1 1 1 .1 25 50 75 100 LEVEL OF ALFALFA REPLACING COB RATION FIGURE 13 Average daily gains of steers fed corncob ration with 0, 50, or 100 percent alfalfa hay addition. SOURCE: Paterson (1979)
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From page 203... ...
The greatest increase in utilization of crop residues will likely come from chemical treatment in combination with improved management practices. Sodium hydroxide has been widely studied as a chemical for cropresidue treatment.
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From page 204... ...
1978. Wheat straw and sodium hydroxide treatment for beef cow maintenance diets.
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From page 205... ...
1973. Peanut Hulls and Cottonseed Hulls Compared with Alfalfa Hay as Roughage Sources in High Concentrate Lamb Rations.
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1969. Nitrogen source with sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw.
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From page 207... ...
1972. Sodium hydroxide treatment of crop residues.
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From page 208... ...
1978a. The digestibility of sodium hydroxide treatments of roughage on mineral balance and digestibility.
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From page 209... ...
1974. Sodium hydroxide treatment of cottonseed hulls and sorghum stubble.
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From page 210... ...
Fibrous outside cover of the fruiting head (grain producing portion) of the corn plant.
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