Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs (1983) / Chapter Skim
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2. Nonfood Industrial Wastes
2. Nonfood Industrial Wastes
Pages 46-68
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From page 46... ...
The nonfood industrial wastes to be covered are those derived primarily from the organic chemical and fermentation industries, with some consideration of municipal solid waste. Note will be made of cases in which wastes are currently being used for animal feed, but the focus will be on underutilized materials.
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From page 47... ...
While such plants do not exist in the United States today, they are anticipated, and it is clear that major changes in primary energy feedstock will change the availability of a potentially important nonfood industrial waste. Current technology for processing and refining natural gas and petroleum produces little waste.
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From page 48... ...
The availability and use of wastes from coal, shale oil, and cellulosic biomass processing will not be dealt with further, since these are not currently underutilized materials, though they may be in the future. Physical Characteristics The major organic chemicals derived from primary feedstocks are meth ane, ethylene, propylene, and aromatics.
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From page 49... ...
Oxidation of acetaldehyde Carbonylation of methanol Sulfuric acid hydrolysis of butene-2, dehydrogenation of sec-butanol Oxidation of LPG (butane) by-product of acetic acid manufacture Acetone cyanohydrin process Chlorohydrin process Acetylene-HCN process Sulfuric acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene oxide CO synthesis with acetylene Acetylene and ethanol in presence of nickel carbonyl catalyst Oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid followed by esterification Reaction of ketone with formaldehyde followed by esterification Alkylation of benzene with ethylene, dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with steam Oxidation of cyclohexane/cyclohexanol/ cyclohexanone Direct oxidation of cyclohexane with air Oxidation of para-xylene with nitric acid Catalytic oxidation of para-xylene Esterification of TPA with methanol and sulfuric acid Vapor phase methylation of phenol Oxidation of para-cymene with cleavage in sulfuric acid Caustic extraction from cracked naphtha Nitration of benzene with nitric acid (L.P.)
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From page 50... ...
Raschig process Direct chlorination of phenol From chloroaniline through diazonium salt Catalytic chlorination of toluene Oxidation of aniline to quinone followed by hydrogenation Sulfonation of ,B-naphthol Caustic fusion of naphthalene sulfonic acid Benzene and HNO3 in presence of sulfuric acid Esterification of amyl alcohol with acetic acid Pentane chlorination and alkalin hydrolysis Dehydration of ethyl alcohol by sulfuric acid Esterification of ethyl alcohol with butyric acid Esterification of ethyl alcohol with formic acid Reduction of ethyl chloride with amalgam of Na and Pb Sodium hydroxide and carbon monoxide Dehydration of acetone alcohol to mesityl oxide followed by hydrogenation of double bond High-temperature sulfonation of naphthalene followed by hydrolysis to p-naphthol
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From page 51... ...
Acrolein epoxidation/reduction followed by hydration Propylene oxide to allyl alcohol followed by chlorination Ethylene glycol and ethyl alcohol condensation dehydration Monochlorobenzene and chloral in presence of sulfuric acid Chlorination of acetylene Methane chlorination Methanol esterification followed by chlorination Acetaldehyde and formalydehyde in presence of basic catalyst Chlorination of acetaldehyde Phenol and phosphorous oxychloride From propylene tetramer Cresylic acid and phosphorus oxychloride Chlorination of pentanes and hydrolysis of amyl chlorides Acrylonitrile hydrolysis with H2SO4 Sodium reduction process Acrolein and mercaptan followed by treatment with Na2CO~; and NaCN Alcohol and organic acid, H2SO4 catalyst Olefins and CO followed by hydrolysis Batch or continuous hydrolysis Esterification of lauric acid Esterification of oleic acid By-product of phenol by cumene peroxidation Condensation of acetaldehyde with formaldehyde Acetic acid and ethyl alcohol in presence of sulfuric acid Acetic acid and propyl alcohol in presence of sulfuric acid Glycerol and acetic acid Carbonylation of ethyl alcohol with CO at high pressure Oxidation of propionaldehyde Reduction of fatty acid with sodium metal High pressure catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids
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From page 52... ...
A basic premise in this analysis is that none of the wastes from the organic chemical industry will be suitable for direct animal feeding and that fermentation will be required to nutritionally enrich the waste via protein synthesis. At the same time, easily metabolizable compounds will convert the chemicals to a more metabolically usable form and allow conversion of dilute waste streams to solid material (biological cell mass)
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From page 53... ...
Some wastes will contain toxic metals and organics that will preclude their use for feeding or make their detoxification difficult. An alternative to the production of single-cell protein is production of carbohydrates or fat materials for use as a calorie source in animal feeding.
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From page 54... ...
There are a number of large plants in operation and several more under construction. It is interesting that microbial protein produced from nonagricultural raw materials, such as organic chemical wastes, is not dependent on agricultural sources.
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From page 55... ...
Some important factors, however, will be considered here. Raw Materials One of the major advantages of single-cell protein production is the flexibility in being able to choose a variety of organisms able to utilize many
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From page 56... ...
The choice of a carbon source in the design of a process usually depends on factors such as availability, purity, cost, acceptability, and lack of toxicity. In the case of nonfood industrial wastes, the carbon sourceLs)
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From page 57... ...
Organisms Bacteria, yeasts, and fungi are all being considered for commercial-scale single-cell protein processes; each has advantages and disadvantages. A comparison of protein content of some microorganisms considered for single-cell protein production is provided in Table 6.
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From page 58... ...
Animal feeding trials with microfungi were described by Duthie (19751. Despite the success of these efforts, microbial protein has remained too expensive in comparison to soybean meal and has not been commercialized to a major extent.
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From page 59... ...
. Harmful Substances A major problem in the utilization of organic chemical waste is the presence of toxic organic chemicals and heavy metals; both can concentrate in microorganisms used for conversion of waste to animal feed.
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From page 60... ...
and in the process generates an estimated 360,000 tons of waste per year. Essentially all of the brewers and distillers wastes are currently utilized for animal feeding and do not represent underutilized materials.
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From page 61... ...
. The digestion of fungal cell walls has typically been performed using fermentation broth containing extracellular enzymes.
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From page 62... ...
Industrial While antibiotic fermentation waste is not used as animal feeds, the dried by-products from the brewing and distilling industries are used widely for animal feeds. Experience with these materials will facilitate the evaluation and utilization of other fermentation residues if they become available.
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From page 63... ...
The quality of the municipal solid waste fraction used for animal feeding will be determined by the ability of the processor to separate out undesired materials. Belyea et al.
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From page 64... ...
The process of hydrolysis, followed by a solid-liquid separation would be useful in removing undesired materials from the MSW feedstock. Animal and lIuman Health Although municipal solid waste and newspaper have been shown experimentally to be usable as fiber sources in animal diets, there are several serious health concerns.
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From page 65... ...
SUMMARY An examination of the nonfood industry to identify underutilized wastes that could be used directly or after further processing for animal feeding has identified a number of areas where better utilization might be achieved. However, there are two major limitations to the use of waste from these nonfood industries: the need and hence expense of processing to achieve nutritional upgrading and the need to remove toxic or otherwise harmful materials from the waste.
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From page 66... ...
1975. Animal feeding trials with a microfungal protein.
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From page 67... ...
1975. Economic feasibility of waste as animal feed.
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From page 68... ...
1970. Synthetic Organic Chemicals.
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