Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs (1983) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1. Industrial Food Processing Wastes
1. Industrial Food Processing Wastes
Pages 5-45
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 5... ...
The necessity of separating solid waste from liquid waste, as well as the necessity of removing suspended and dissolved substances from wastewater before discharging it, has resulted in the production of waste materials that are lower in water content and consequently more economically attractive as animal feeds. More stringent controls on the use of pesticides have also reduced the pesticide levels in food processing wastes.
|
From page 6... ...
total30,3911,514 2896,421 1196,6248,420950 NOTE: All figures x 1,000 metric tons; rounded (after adding)
|
From page 7... ...
Processing Wastes Several wastes Tom apple processing are suitable animal feeds. Apple pomace, the residual material from pressing apples for juice, contains TABLE 2 Region Food Processing Industry Solid Residuals per Year, by TotalTotal Total Total Total Not Raw Tonsas in By- Resid- Accounted Region Processed Solid Liquid Feed Other Products ualsFor New England 889 8 23104 14118154 163 Mid-Atlantic 1,868 254 699 59154417 118 South Atlantic 7,546 200 622,436 132,4492,712 299 North Central 5,342 363 251,156 181,1791,560 56 South Central 1,106 49 23195 6200272 39 Mountain 218 18 342 4262 12 Northwest 3,909 136 521,263 121,2791,460 100 Alaska 145 0 453 4652 5 Southwest 9,351 499 551,186 751,2611,824 118 U.S.
|
From page 8... ...
found apple pomace had feeding value similar to grass silage for wintering beef cattle. Addition of rice hulls increases the fiber content and lowers the feeding value of pomace.
|
From page 9... ...
It is usually added to the dried citrus pulp. Most of these materials are utilized as animal feed, although citrus peel liquor and citrus activated sludge are utilized to a lesser extent.
|
From page 10... ...
The factors that hinder the use of peach wastes as animal feed include (1) costs of transportation of the high-moisture wastes from processing plants to livestock producing areas; (2)
|
From page 11... ...
In feeding trials, steers were fed a fattening diet with pear pulp forming 25 percent of the concentrate, replacing molasses and dried beet pulp. Pear pulp had a value of 70 to 75 percent of molasses and dried beet pulp, and pear molasses had a value of 115 to 120 percent of cane molasses.
|
From page 12... ...
When the sludge was stored for 10 months in a 208-liter drum, deterioration and production of ammonia were evident. Nutritional Value The composition of the sludge, dry-matter basis, was 39.1 percent crude protein, 3.2 percent crude fiber, 0.8 percent ether extract, 11.64 percent ash, 1.08 percent calcium, and 1.28 percent phosphorus (Esvett, 19761.
|
From page 13... ...
. Nutritional Value Only a few studies on the feeding value of grape pomace have been conducted, but pomace has been fed to ruminant animals in the United States and other countries for many years.
|
From page 14... ...
Net energy values obtained with beef cattle on finishing diets were: NEm, 0.75 Mcal/kg, and NEg, 0.41 Mcal/k~ on a dry-matter basis. In the same study, a combination of apple, pear, and grape pomaces and apple pomace were also tested at the 20 percent level.
|
From page 15... ...
Some of the charcoal made from nut shells and fruit pits is used in animal feeds. Shells from
|
From page 16... ...
The effluent from primary treatment contains solubilized starch, proteins, amino acids, and sugars (Pailthorp et al., 19751. This effluent may receive secondary treatment, the resultant sludge being called waste biological solids, bacterial mass, or waste activated sludge.
|
From page 17... ...
Nutritional Value Primary solids and slurry are usually dilute, containing 4 to 7 percent solids. These may be concentrated by belt-type vacuum filters (preferred method)
|
From page 18... ...
Cooked potatoes are equivalent to corn in nutritive value for fattening pigs; however, the high moisture content reduces feed intake. Cooked potato flakes have been studied in feeding trials with chicks and pigs (D 'Mello and Whittemore, 19751.
|
From page 19... ...
The potato flakes contain slightly less sulphur amino acids and slightly more lysine than cereals. The digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen by calves decline when cooked potato flour replaces spray-dried whey in liquid diets (Hinks et al., 1975~.
|
From page 20... ...
(1976) described a starch recovery process using greatly reduced amounts of water, yielding a protein water with 4 percent solids and 50 percent protein, dry basis.
|
From page 21... ...
The remaining deproteinated juice (43 percent crude protein, dry basis) is concentrated by reverse osmosis to 10 percent solids and by multiple-stage evaporation to 65 percent solids.
|
From page 22... ...
The digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein of the trimmings were lower than for corn (Bond and Putnam, 19671. Processing Methods Solid wastes from canning, cull sweet potatoes, snips, and trimmings are easily recovered (Smallwood et al., 1974J.
|
From page 23... ...
Nutritional Value The ash and nitrogen-free extract levels are higher in cull tomato feed than in tomato pomace, and fiber is lower (Ammerman et al.,1965~.
|
From page 24... ...
Tomato pomace is palatable to hogs, cows, and chicks as 10 to 15 percent of the diet, but fed at higher levels, bitterness may make pomace unpalatable. Dried tomato pomace has a content of about 25 percent crude protein, 15 percent ether extract, 22 percent crude fiber, and 3 percent ash, dry-matter basis.
|
From page 25... ...
The dry tomato pomace contained 20.9 percent crude protein, 17 percent ether extract, 12 percent crude fiber, 46.4 percent nitrogen-free extract and 3.6 percent ash, on a dry-matter basis. The protein efficiency ratio (PER)
|
From page 26... ...
Pressing increased crude fiber content of the meal. The carotene and xanthophyll contents were too low for use as a poultry pigmentation supplement but would be adequate for most animal feeds.
|
From page 27... ...
The cattle feed fraction contained 17 to 20 percent crude protein and 14 to 16 percent fiber (Livingston et al., 19721. Sweet corn (Zea mays)
|
From page 28... ...
About 33 percent of the whey solids that were further processed were used in animal feed. Physical Characteristics Commercial whey products are numerous and include condensed whey from acid and sweet whey; dry whey products, which include dry whole
|
From page 29... ...
Dried whole whey contains 13.1 percent crude protein, 76.9 percent lactose, 9.0 percent ash, 0.98 percent calcium, and 0.76 percent phosphorus, dry-matter basis (Schingoethe, 19761. Nutritional Value Liquid whey has been used as an animal feed for centuries.
|
From page 30... ...
The FACW is condensed to 55 to 65 percent solids; a 60 percent solids product blends well, handles easily, and is stable. It contains 45 percent crude protein, 37 percent lactic acid as ammonium lactate, and 4.7 percent ash, dry~matter basis.
|
From page 31... ...
Egg processing, specifically egg breaking plants, have some wastes that are less well utilized. Eleven percent of the eggs in the United States were processed at egg breaking plants, producing 362.9 million kg liquid egg products in 1972.
|
From page 32... ...
Physical Characteristics The paunch content contains undigested feeds, is yellowish brown in color, has an obnoxious odor, and has a water content of 85 percent (Witherow and Lammers, 19761. Because it is poorly utilized, it is a disposal problem to small plants.
|
From page 33... ...
Nutritional Value Paunch content varies in composition with feeding practices used prior to slaughter and with the type of processing. In one study, composition was determined on a dry-matter basis as 12.2 percent crude protein, 25 percent crude fiber, 5.2 percent ether extract, 7.9 percent ash, and 49.6 percent nitrogen-free extract (Ricci, 1977 3.
|
From page 34... ...
Some plants have installed rotary driers and pelletized the feed to improve marketability; they have successfully sold the feed for use with both swine and cattle. Mixing blood with paunch content and drying the mixture yields a product containing 43 percent protein and handles two waste problems at once.
|
From page 35... ...
Paulson and Lively (1979) reported on the use of activated sludge treatment and the use of activated sludge as animal feed.
|
From page 36... ...
The hydrolyzed meal contained 93.5 percent dry matter, 68.3 percent crude protein, 1.52 percent ether extract, and 23.2 percent ash. The unhydrolyzed meal contained 79.2 percent dry matter, 67.8 percent crude protein, 7.7 percent ether extract, and 4.2 percent ash.
|
From page 37... ...
If processed hog hair is substituted for soy protein completely, amino acid supplementation is necessary to prevent severe growth depression. Growth depression was completely overcome by supplementation with lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and glycine, which were the first through fourth limiting amino acids, respectively (Moran et al., 1967a,b)
|
From page 38... ...
Amino acid deficiencies, imbalance, or poor availability were suggested as causes. ALTERNATIVE USES FOR FOOD PROCESSING WASTES Other than for animal feed, uses for food processing wastes have developed because of the increased cost of fossil fuels for energy.
|
From page 39... ...
Heavy Metals Heavy metals were not found in significant quantities in the biological solids from fruit-cannery activated sludge or the carcasses of animals fed the sludges (Esvett, 19761. Chromium accumulated in tissues, particularly kidney tissue, and some in fat in chicks fed hydrolized leather meal (Dilworth and Day, 19701.
|
From page 40... ...
Most of the food processing wastes have substantial nutritional value. A characteristic of most of these wastes is the high moisture, which results in high transportation and dehydration costs per unit of nutrient.
|
From page 41... ...
1967. Nutritive value of dehydrated sweet potato trimmings fed to beef steers.
|
From page 42... ...
1951. Pear pulp and pear molasses: Nutritional value for cattle and palatability to sheep tested in feeding trials with commercial products.
|
From page 43... ...
1973. Solid Waste Management in the Food Processing Industry.
|
From page 44... ...
P 646 in Food Processing.
|
From page 45... ...
1975. Apple pomace in the dairy regimen.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.