Weighing the Options Criteria for Evaluating Weight-Management Programs (1995) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
6 Criterion 2: The Soundness and Safety of the Program
6 Criterion 2: The Soundness and Safety of the Program
Pages 102-117
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 102... ...
Health considerations will argue against weight loss by those who consider themselves to be overweight but are not so by standards described in Chapter 2. There are strong reasons why health status should take precedence, especially in those at risk for comorbid conditions by family history or prior morbidity or those in whom comorbid conditions (e.g., diabetes, dyslipidemias, hypertension, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis)
|
From page 103... ...
An individual with weight-related comorbidities, for example, should be encouraged either to choose a program with medical management or to be monitored by a physician throughout the program chosen. (See also Chapter 7 in which predictors for successful weight loss and maintenance are identified.)
|
From page 104... ...
· Do I/you have any medical problems that should be resolved before attempting weight loss? · Is it an appropriate time for me/you to lose weight (some contraindications include pregnancy, lactation, recent medical problems or surgery, and other significant issues in life that will interfere with the effort required for weight loss)
|
From page 105... ...
Negative energy balance is established by reducing energy intake (i.e., eating less) , increasing energy expenditure (i.e., performing more physical activity)
|
From page 106... ...
Consistent with the principles of thermodynamics, loss of body-fat stores can be achieved only by establishing a negative energy balance (energy expenditure exceeds energy intake)
|
From page 107... ...
Negative energy balance is established by reducing energy intake (i.e., eating less) , increasing energy expenditure (i.e., performing more physical activity)
|
From page 108... ...
Consistent with the principles of thermodynamics, loss of body-fat stores can be achieved only by establishing a negative energy balance (energy expenditure exceeds energy intake)
|
From page 109... ...
However, not all obese individuals have an elevated fat intake. The evidence linking fat with increased weight gain and obesity is clearest in experimental animals where it is possible to control diet composition and measure food intake precisely.
|
From page 110... ...
Those wishing to lose weight need to focus on creating an energy deficit by decreasing their total energy intake, utilizing, as much as possible, a variety of foods. Decreasing alcohol intake, foods of minimal nutritional value, and fats and simple sugars is a good strategy for
|
From page 111... ...
However, not all obese individuals have an elevated fat intake. The evidence linking fat with increased weight gain and obesity is clearest in experimental animals where it is possible to control diet composition and measure food intake precisely.
|
From page 112... ...
Restrictions or precautions, if any, and expected benefits in terms of weight loss and fitness should be addressed. Physical activity has benefits for overweight individuals beyond the specific impact of energy expenditure during the activity.
|
From page 113... ...
Regarding dietary interventions, programs should (1) be held accountable for their claims about overall energy intake and predicted weight loss; (2)
|
From page 114... ...
Body-fat stores accumulate only as a result of a positive energy balance, and obesity usually develops from a small positive energy balance over the long term. Though programs may focus on diet or physical activity alone, emphasis should be placed on both energy expenditure and energy intake.
|
From page 115... ...
Other possible benefits of physical activity in obese individuals include increases in resting metabolic rate, fat oxidation, postexercise oxygen consumption, the thermic effect of food, and feelings of well-being. In addition, physical activity tends to preserve lean body mass during weight loss.
|
From page 116... ...
As early as 1957, Stunkard reported on instances of "dieting depression" characterized by weakness, irritability, nervousness, and even psychotic manifestations occurring in obese persons in the course of their efforts at weight reduction (Stunkard, 1957~. His review in 1974 summarized additional reports of depression during weight loss that had occurred during the intervening 17 years (Stunkard and Rush, 1974~.
|
From page 117... ...
PROG~ SAFEW Generally, the more restrictive the diet, the greater are the risks of adverse effects associated with weight loss. Do-it-yourself and nonclinical programs must be safe for their clients.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.