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Pages 299-306

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From page 299... ... INDEX A Accessibility of tobacco, 19, 199-200, 201 national reduction goals, 19, 210, 284 and price-sensitivity of adolescents, 17, 19, 108, 187-191, 266 surveillance systems, 19, 227, 285 through adults, 206, 246 Acetylcholine, 34, 35 Addiction. See Nicotine addiction/dependence Adult tobacco use, 5-6, 7, 8, 11, 23, 63 perceived prevalence of, 14, 18, 21, 77, 78, 79 Advertising and promotions, 11, 105-114 African Americans, 112, 114 appeal to children and youths, 18, 106, 116122, 130-131, 245 expenditures, 11, 105, 107-108, 109, 278 impacts on child and youth tobacco use, 18, 55, 124, 131 market segmentation, 115-116 non-media promotional items, 80, 108, 110, 245-246 Old Joe Camel campaign, 116-117, 120, l 29 promotional allowances, 110-111 recall studies, 123-124 research needs, 18, 133-134, 282 value-added promotions, 108, 110 women as targets, 116 299 Advertising restrictions, 18, 131, 132, 133 constitutional challenges to, 133 effects on smoking prevalence, 124-128 federal, 21-22, 133, 282 health warnings, 245 industry voluntary code, 128-130 insignia, logos, trademarks, 133, 245-246, 282 interstate, 18, 133, 282 on misleading terms, 249 preemption law, 17, 132, 282 public support for, 12 smokeless tobacco promotions, 245 by states, 12, 17, 18, 21, 131-132, 133, 259, 283 total ban, 128, 133 transportation systems, 132, 282 See also Tombstone advertising formats Advocacy Institute, 269, 274 Advocacy organizations for tobacco control, 93-97, 268-269, 274-275 health professions, 94-95 local coalitions, 12, 17, 21, 93, 94 youth involvement, 96-97 Affective education model, 145 Affordability of tobacco products relation to consumption, 192 and tax policy, 17, 180-182, 192, 193, 283 Read the entire page →
From page 300... ... , 266-267, 274 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 266267 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) community-based program support, 220, 285 IMPACT program, 21, 260 school-based prevention guidelines, 19, 144, 151, 167, 168, 283 tobacco control grants, 210, 284 Cessation of tobacco use, 22, 105, 118 and addiction, 18, 50-52, 63 desire for, 15, 50-51, 73-74, 163, 167 ethnic differences, 57 interventions, 63, 159-163 perceived ease of, 14 and relapse, 38-39, 41 research needs, 19, 22, 167, 283 smokeless tobacco, 163-167 withdrawal symptoms after, 31, 33, 42, 50 Cholinergic receptors, 34 Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 237 Clinic-based interventions, 161-162, 165-166 Clothing, 80, 110 Coalition for America's Children, 92 Coalition on Smoking OR Health, 94, 269 Cocaine, 42, 167 Colorado, tobacco-free school districts, 87 Community intervention programs, 151-154 cessation, 161-162 restrictions, 87-93 and school-based programs, 15, 19, 154155, 167, 168 smokeless tobacco use, 158 Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act, 239 Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 236237, 238 Consumer Product Safety Act, 233, 246 Controlled Substances Act, 246 Cooperative agreements, 21 Counter-advertising. Read the entire page →
From page 301... ... , Fairness Doctrine, 83, 128, 238 Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 233 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) , 237, 238, 259 Filters and filtration, 62, 121, 248 Finland, advertising restrictions, 125 Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDCA) Read the entire page →
From page 302... ... See also Advertising and promotions Men lifetime medical costs, 5 prevalence of use, 7, 8, 78 Michigan targeted control programs, 17 tobacco-free pharmacy program, 225 Military personnel impact of pricing policies on smoking, 193, 283-284 smoking prevalence, 73, 75-76 and tobacco-free policies, 89, 98, 282 Read the entire page →
From page 303... ... , 265, 266 ASSIST program, 17, 20, 21, 94, 203, 259 260, 286 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse, 105-106 National Institutes of Health, 193, 265 Native Americans, 57, 75, 267 Newspaper advertisements, 111 commercial restrictions, 133, 282 New Zealand advertising restrictions, 125, 128 pricing policies, 192 Nicotine addiction/dependence, 5-6, 18, 22, 29-31, 63 and age of onset, 14-15, 29 and cessation of tobacco use, 18, 50-52, 63 and characteristics of tobacco products, 18, 58, 60-63, 64, 281 compared to drug addiction, 40-43 definitions and criteria, 30-31, 32 early stages, 18, 29, 43-45, 64, 281 individual susceptibility, 18, 55, 63, 64, 281 neurochemistry, 30, 34-36 and nicotine content reduction, 249-250 perceptions of, 14-15, 63, 122 pharmacologic aspects, 30, 31-37, 45, 49 50, 55 and rationality of personal choice, 13, 41 research needs, 18, 22, 64, 281 and smokeless tobacco use, 39-40, 63 and smoking behavior, 37-38, 38-39, 62, 248 tolerance, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42, 45 and treatment strategies, 63 withdrawal, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 50 Nicotine content and delivery consumer information, 249, 286 control by manufacturers, 60, 62, 63-64, 249 low-yield cigarettes, 37-38, 63-64, 248, 249-250 303 measurement of yields, 20, 248-249, 286 minimum addiction levels, 64, 250 regulation, 20, 21, 64, 246-251, 286 of smokeless tobacco, 39~0 "Nicotine delivery systems" in regulatory vocabulary, 251 substitution of, 250 Nicotine replacement therapy, 42-43, 165 Non-media promotional items, 80, 108, 110, 245-246 warning labels, 245-246, 286 Norms, 71-73 community enforcement, 87-88 and prevalence of use among African Americans, 9, 98, 282 research needs, 20 smoking as acceptable, 22, 71 tobacco-free, 18, 22, 23, 73-77, 131 Norway, advertising restrictions, 125 o Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) , 89, 259 Office of Smoking and Health (OSH) Read the entire page →
From page 304... ... See also Vending machines; Youth access laws SCARCNet, 95, 269 School-based prevention programs, 15-16, 81, 143-151 adequacy of resources, 19, 143-144, 168 CDC guidelines, 19, 144, 151, 167, 168, 283 cessation programs, 160-161 and drug abuse prevention, 167, 168, 283 model programs, 144-148, 168, 283 refusal skills training, 19, 148, 167 smokeless tobacco, 156-157 tobacco-free policies, 19, 22, 86-87, 97, 224-225, 285, 281 Self-help programs, 164-165 Self-service displays, 110-111, 214 Shopping malls, tobacco-free policies, 91, 97, 281 Single cigarette sales, 215-216, 284 Read the entire page →
From page 305... ... , 95, 269. See also SCARCNet Smoking machine tests, 61, 62, 63, 248 Smuggling between Canada and the United States, 193, 283 from military bases, 193, 284 Social cognitive theory, 118-119 Social costs of tobacco use, 4 Social influences, 16, 18 and advertising appeal, 117-119 resistance model, 146-147 See also Norms Socioeconomic factors advertising and promotional responsiveness, 18, 106, 133, 282 nicotine addition, 56, 63 Sports and athletics, 21, 58, 80, 81, 82, 112113, 123, 129, 132 sponsorship restrictions, 133, 245, 282 tobacco-free policies, 91-92, 97, 281 State governments, 20 advertising restrictions, 12, 17, 18, 21, 131132, 133, 283 industry lobbying efforts, 12, 267-268 outlet control, 224, 225, 285 self-service display bans, 19, 214-215, 284 vending machine restrictions, 19, 212-214, 284 Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco (STAT) Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... 306 ethical foundation, 12-15 federal support, 17, 21, 210, 284 outlet reduction, 224, 225, 285 political influences, 12, 23 public support, 12, 76-77, 88 state and local programs, 12, 17, 21, 91, 92, 210, 284 tax revenues earmarked for, 12, 17, 19, 269, 273, 287 Tobacco Policy Coordinating Committee, 275 Tombstone advertising formats, 132, 133 interstate restrictions, 133, 282 state and local restrictions, 18, 132 Toxic Substances Control Act, 233 Trademarks, 119-120, 133, 245-246, 282, 286 Transportation systems advertising restrictions, 132, 282 tobacco-free policies, 97, 281 U Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 94 United Kingdom pricing policies, 192 V Value-added promotions, 108 Vending machines, 201, 202, 212 bans, 12, 19, 212-214, 284 partial restrictions, 213-214 Video arcade games, 133, 282 Videotapes and videodiscs, 133, 282 Visual media, regulation of, 17, 133, 282 W Warning labels, 20, 236-239, 245-246, 286 effectiveness of, 20, 240-244, 245, 286 on non-media promotional items, 245-246, 286 and smokeless tobacco, 239-241, 245 INDEX Washington State, workplace tobacco ban, 89 Whites age of onset, 106 daily smoking prevalence, 8, 56 prevalence of tobacco use, 56-57, 75, 262 Withdrawal symptoms, 30, 35, 37, 45 after cessation of use, 33, 31, 42, 50 Women as advertising targets, 116 lifetime medical costs, 5 prevalence of use, 78 smokeless tobacco use, 3, 8 Workplaces, tobacco-free policies, 22, 88-90, 98, 282 World Health Organization, tar reduction policy, 250 Years of potential life lost, 3 Youth access laws, 200-205, 207, 220-222, 285 age limits, 223-224, 285 circumvention of, 19 community involvement, 167, 219-220, 285 education programs, 167, 202-203, 219, 285 enforcement and compliance, 17, 19, 167, 201-202, 210, 222, 227, 284, 285 model law, 203-204, 213, 220, 224 penalties under, 220, 222-223, 285 proposed federal information agency, 210, 284 research needs, 19, 226-227, 285 self-service display bans, 19, 214-215, 284 single cigarette sale bans, 216, 284-285 Synar Amendment, 199, 204-205, 207-208, 213, 221, 224, 246 vending machine restrictions, 19, 212-214, 284 Youth organizations, tobacco-free policies, 9293, 98, 282 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 13, 43-44, 159 Read the entire page →

From page 299...

... INDEX A Accessibility of tobacco, 19, 199-200, 201 national reduction goals, 19, 210, 284 and price-sensitivity of adolescents, 17, 19, 108, 187-191, 266 surveillance systems, 19, 227, 285 through adults, 206, 246 Acetylcholine, 34, 35 Addiction. See Nicotine addiction/dependence Adult tobacco use, 5-6, 7, 8, 11, 23, 63 perceived prevalence of, 14, 18, 21, 77, 78, 79 Advertising and promotions, 11, 105-114 African Americans, 112, 114 appeal to children and youths, 18, 106, 116122, 130-131, 245 expenditures, 11, 105, 107-108, 109, 278 impacts on child and youth tobacco use, 18, 55, 124, 131 market segmentation, 115-116 non-media promotional items, 80, 108, 110, 245-246 Old Joe Camel campaign, 116-117, 120, l 29 promotional allowances, 110-111 recall studies, 123-124 research needs, 18, 133-134, 282 value-added promotions, 108, 110 women as targets, 116 299 Advertising restrictions, 18, 131, 132, 133 constitutional challenges to, 133 effects on smoking prevalence, 124-128 federal, 21-22, 133, 282 health warnings, 245 industry voluntary code, 128-130 insignia, logos, trademarks, 133, 245-246, 282 interstate, 18, 133, 282 on misleading terms, 249 preemption law, 17, 132, 282 public support for, 12 smokeless tobacco promotions, 245 by states, 12, 17, 18, 21, 131-132, 133, 259, 283 total ban, 128, 133 transportation systems, 132, 282 See also Tombstone advertising formats Advocacy Institute, 269, 274 Advocacy organizations for tobacco control, 93-97, 268-269, 274-275 health professions, 94-95 local coalitions, 12, 17, 21, 93, 94 youth involvement, 96-97 Affective education model, 145 Affordability of tobacco products relation to consumption, 192 and tax policy, 17, 180-182, 192, 193, 283

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From page 300...

... , 266-267, 274 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 266267 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) community-based program support, 220, 285 IMPACT program, 21, 260 school-based prevention guidelines, 19, 144, 151, 167, 168, 283 tobacco control grants, 210, 284 Cessation of tobacco use, 22, 105, 118 and addiction, 18, 50-52, 63 desire for, 15, 50-51, 73-74, 163, 167 ethnic differences, 57 interventions, 63, 159-163 perceived ease of, 14 and relapse, 38-39, 41 research needs, 19, 22, 167, 283 smokeless tobacco, 163-167 withdrawal symptoms after, 31, 33, 42, 50 Cholinergic receptors, 34 Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 237 Clinic-based interventions, 161-162, 165-166 Clothing, 80, 110 Coalition for America's Children, 92 Coalition on Smoking OR Health, 94, 269 Cocaine, 42, 167 Colorado, tobacco-free school districts, 87 Community intervention programs, 151-154 cessation, 161-162 restrictions, 87-93 and school-based programs, 15, 19, 154155, 167, 168 smokeless tobacco use, 158 Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act, 239 Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 236237, 238 Consumer Product Safety Act, 233, 246 Controlled Substances Act, 246 Cooperative agreements, 21 Counter-advertising.

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From page 301...

... , Fairness Doctrine, 83, 128, 238 Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 233 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) , 237, 238, 259 Filters and filtration, 62, 121, 248 Finland, advertising restrictions, 125 Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDCA)

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From page 302...

... See also Advertising and promotions Men lifetime medical costs, 5 prevalence of use, 7, 8, 78 Michigan targeted control programs, 17 tobacco-free pharmacy program, 225 Military personnel impact of pricing policies on smoking, 193, 283-284 smoking prevalence, 73, 75-76 and tobacco-free policies, 89, 98, 282

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From page 303...

... , 265, 266 ASSIST program, 17, 20, 21, 94, 203, 259 260, 286 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse, 105-106 National Institutes of Health, 193, 265 Native Americans, 57, 75, 267 Newspaper advertisements, 111 commercial restrictions, 133, 282 New Zealand advertising restrictions, 125, 128 pricing policies, 192 Nicotine addiction/dependence, 5-6, 18, 22, 29-31, 63 and age of onset, 14-15, 29 and cessation of tobacco use, 18, 50-52, 63 and characteristics of tobacco products, 18, 58, 60-63, 64, 281 compared to drug addiction, 40-43 definitions and criteria, 30-31, 32 early stages, 18, 29, 43-45, 64, 281 individual susceptibility, 18, 55, 63, 64, 281 neurochemistry, 30, 34-36 and nicotine content reduction, 249-250 perceptions of, 14-15, 63, 122 pharmacologic aspects, 30, 31-37, 45, 49 50, 55 and rationality of personal choice, 13, 41 research needs, 18, 22, 64, 281 and smokeless tobacco use, 39-40, 63 and smoking behavior, 37-38, 38-39, 62, 248 tolerance, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42, 45 and treatment strategies, 63 withdrawal, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 50 Nicotine content and delivery consumer information, 249, 286 control by manufacturers, 60, 62, 63-64, 249 low-yield cigarettes, 37-38, 63-64, 248, 249-250 303 measurement of yields, 20, 248-249, 286 minimum addiction levels, 64, 250 regulation, 20, 21, 64, 246-251, 286 of smokeless tobacco, 39~0 "Nicotine delivery systems" in regulatory vocabulary, 251 substitution of, 250 Nicotine replacement therapy, 42-43, 165 Non-media promotional items, 80, 108, 110, 245-246 warning labels, 245-246, 286 Norms, 71-73 community enforcement, 87-88 and prevalence of use among African Americans, 9, 98, 282 research needs, 20 smoking as acceptable, 22, 71 tobacco-free, 18, 22, 23, 73-77, 131 Norway, advertising restrictions, 125 o Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) , 89, 259 Office of Smoking and Health (OSH)

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From page 304...

... See also Vending machines; Youth access laws SCARCNet, 95, 269 School-based prevention programs, 15-16, 81, 143-151 adequacy of resources, 19, 143-144, 168 CDC guidelines, 19, 144, 151, 167, 168, 283 cessation programs, 160-161 and drug abuse prevention, 167, 168, 283 model programs, 144-148, 168, 283 refusal skills training, 19, 148, 167 smokeless tobacco, 156-157 tobacco-free policies, 19, 22, 86-87, 97, 224-225, 285, 281 Self-help programs, 164-165 Self-service displays, 110-111, 214 Shopping malls, tobacco-free policies, 91, 97, 281 Single cigarette sales, 215-216, 284

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From page 305...

... , 95, 269. See also SCARCNet Smoking machine tests, 61, 62, 63, 248 Smuggling between Canada and the United States, 193, 283 from military bases, 193, 284 Social cognitive theory, 118-119 Social costs of tobacco use, 4 Social influences, 16, 18 and advertising appeal, 117-119 resistance model, 146-147 See also Norms Socioeconomic factors advertising and promotional responsiveness, 18, 106, 133, 282 nicotine addition, 56, 63 Sports and athletics, 21, 58, 80, 81, 82, 112113, 123, 129, 132 sponsorship restrictions, 133, 245, 282 tobacco-free policies, 91-92, 97, 281 State governments, 20 advertising restrictions, 12, 17, 18, 21, 131132, 133, 283 industry lobbying efforts, 12, 267-268 outlet control, 224, 225, 285 self-service display bans, 19, 214-215, 284 vending machine restrictions, 19, 212-214, 284 Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco (STAT)

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From page 306...

... 306 ethical foundation, 12-15 federal support, 17, 21, 210, 284 outlet reduction, 224, 225, 285 political influences, 12, 23 public support, 12, 76-77, 88 state and local programs, 12, 17, 21, 91, 92, 210, 284 tax revenues earmarked for, 12, 17, 19, 269, 273, 287 Tobacco Policy Coordinating Committee, 275 Tombstone advertising formats, 132, 133 interstate restrictions, 133, 282 state and local restrictions, 18, 132 Toxic Substances Control Act, 233 Trademarks, 119-120, 133, 245-246, 282, 286 Transportation systems advertising restrictions, 132, 282 tobacco-free policies, 97, 281 U Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 94 United Kingdom pricing policies, 192 V Value-added promotions, 108 Vending machines, 201, 202, 212 bans, 12, 19, 212-214, 284 partial restrictions, 213-214 Video arcade games, 133, 282 Videotapes and videodiscs, 133, 282 Visual media, regulation of, 17, 133, 282 W Warning labels, 20, 236-239, 245-246, 286 effectiveness of, 20, 240-244, 245, 286 on non-media promotional items, 245-246, 286 and smokeless tobacco, 239-241, 245 INDEX Washington State, workplace tobacco ban, 89 Whites age of onset, 106 daily smoking prevalence, 8, 56 prevalence of tobacco use, 56-57, 75, 262 Withdrawal symptoms, 30, 35, 37, 45 after cessation of use, 33, 31, 42, 50 Women as advertising targets, 116 lifetime medical costs, 5 prevalence of use, 78 smokeless tobacco use, 3, 8 Workplaces, tobacco-free policies, 22, 88-90, 98, 282 World Health Organization, tar reduction policy, 250 Years of potential life lost, 3 Youth access laws, 200-205, 207, 220-222, 285 age limits, 223-224, 285 circumvention of, 19 community involvement, 167, 219-220, 285 education programs, 167, 202-203, 219, 285 enforcement and compliance, 17, 19, 167, 201-202, 210, 222, 227, 284, 285 model law, 203-204, 213, 220, 224 penalties under, 220, 222-223, 285 proposed federal information agency, 210, 284 research needs, 19, 226-227, 285 self-service display bans, 19, 214-215, 284 single cigarette sale bans, 216, 284-285 Synar Amendment, 199, 204-205, 207-208, 213, 221, 224, 246 vending machine restrictions, 19, 212-214, 284 Youth organizations, tobacco-free policies, 9293, 98, 282 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 13, 43-44, 159

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INDEX Pages 299-306

INDEX
Pages 299-306