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From page 489... ... , 114, 116, 117, 189, 194, 200, 221, 223, 245 Analysis see Policy formation and analysis Annuities, 216, 217 Assets in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 402, 405 data quality, 408-409 in family resource definition, 13, 37, 71-72, 86, 211, 214-218, 295 in March CPS, 211, 216, 402, 405, 408-409 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 402, 405 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 402, 405, 408-409 Assistance programs, 1, 21, 26, 387 expenditures, 320-321, 323, 433, 434-436 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399 poverty rate among participants, 1, 75-76, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 267-268 see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) ; Education programs; Eligibility standards; Food assistance; Housing assistance; In-kind benefits; Jobs and training programs; Medical benefits; State-administered 489 Read the entire page →
From page 490... ... See also Office of Management and Budget Business cycles and recessions, 49-50, 52, 133, 147, 158 C Canada, 127, 134. See also Statistics Canada INDEX Categorical budgets, 116-119 Census see Decennial census Census Bureau Consumer Expenditure Survey, 391 Current Population Survey, 395, 407, 414, 415, 416 data improvement and research role, 44 experimental poverty statistics, 7, 23, 25, 52-53, 105, 205, 219, 312 313 official poverty rate and statistics, 5, 17, 24, 25, 43, 44 public-use data tapes, 12, 83, 282 Senior Redesign Team, 401 Survey of Income and Program Participation, 285, 400, 401, 407, 419 tax estimates, 70, 238-240, 406-407 CEX see Consumer Expenditure Survey Child and Adult Care Food Program, 439 Child care expenses, 2, 27, 45, 102, 118, 331 in expert budgets, 117, 118 and family resource definition, 5, 9, 10, 37, 40, 66, 70, 102, 145, 204, 209, 240-242 survey coverage, 241, 408 Children, 24, 315-316 equivalence scales for, 7, 8, 60, 160, 161-162, 165-166, 169-170, 172, 173, 177-178 poverty rates, 75, 76, 257, 260, 261, 265, 268-269 see also Family composition and type Child support, 27-28, 45, 331 and family resource definition, 5, 10, 40, 66, 71, 102, 204, 210, 243-244, 267 survey coverage, 244, 408 Civilian Health and Medical Programs for the Veterans' Administration (CHAMPVA) Read the entire page →
From page 491... ... , 43, 110111, 146, 201, 391-392 and threshold adjustment, 7, 24, 52, 102-103, 105, 123-124, 182-183 Consumption and spending patterns, 39, 51, 102, 402, 405 determination of thresholds, 23, 5051 in family resources definition, 36-37 491 in food plan development, 111 geographic variation, 28-29, 184 186 in March CPS, 405 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 405 in reference family threshold development, 3, 5, 40, 145 and relative thresholds, 31-32, 59, 129 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 405 in threshold update and adjustment, 3-4, 6, 7, 23, 25, 30-31, 40, 45, 49-50, 52, 103, 105 see also Basic living needs; Child care expenses; Consumer Expenditure Survey; Nondiscretionary expenses; Work expenses Cost-of-living adjustment see Poverty threshold adjustment Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) , 26, 162 CPS see Current Population Survey; March income supplement Credit cards, 36, 211, 212, 213 Crime, 20, 100, 314 Crisis resource definition, 36, 72, 212n, 214-218, 297 Current Population Reports, 25, 293 Current Population Survey (CPS) Read the entire page →
From page 492... ... 11-12, in assistance program determination, 14, 90, 318-320, 330-333 in family resource definition, 9, 10, 40, 43, 66, 69-70, 90, 144-145, 206-210, 218-219, 290 monitoring changes in, 3, 42 Distribution of income, 13, 23, 46, 88, 309, 311 Earnings capacity, 430-431 in proposed poverty measure, 2 in Current Population Survey, 403 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 403 Economic deprivation and well-being, 1, 18, 19-23, 89, 99-100, 298-299, 314-316 Economic resources see Family resources definition Economies of scale, 7-8, 24, 28, 60, 101, 162, 163, 164-165 Economy Food Plan, 24, 32, 33, 108109, 110, 111, 163, 164. See also Minimum diet (USDA plans) Read the entire page →
From page 493... ... ; and under names of other programs Food requirements and spending, 48-49, 102-103, 153, 170-172 expert budgets, 47, 48-49, 104, 107, 108-114, 120 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399 in recommended poverty measure, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 22, 23, 40, 50, 52, 105, 143, 147-151 Read the entire page →
From page 494... ... See also Subjective thresholds General Social Survey, 34n, 135, 139 Geographic mobility and migration, 399 AFDC impacts, 94, 341, 346-349 Geographic variation, 1, 2, 11, 38-39, 77, 246 in AFDC needs standards, 14, 92-93, 359-375 consumption and spending, 28-29, 184-186 in expert budgets, 117, 121 food costs, 24 hedonic regression analysis, 190, 191 193, 194, 246 housing costs, 2, 8, 29, 45, 62-65, 77, 183, 188-200 threshold adjustments for, 4, 5, 8-9, 23, 40, 41, 45, 60-65, 97, 182-201 see also Midwest region; Northeast region; South region; West region Government see Assistance programs; Policy formation and analysis Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , 128 H Head-count ratio, 87-88, 308-309, 310, 311-312, 314 Head Start program, 90, 317, 323, 324, 332, 441 INDEX Health and Retirement Study, 409n Health insurance coverage, 2, 29, 118 in Current Population Survey, 397 employer-provided, 29, 30, 68, 118, 230-231 poverty rates for uninsured, 75, 76, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268 269 premiums, 5, 10, 29, 40, 45, 66, 68, 102, 209 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 401 in surveys, 407, 408 valuation as income, 65-66, 67-69, 205, 227-231, 233-234 Health status, 2, 20, 36, 89, 314, 315 and medical costs, 29 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399, 405 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 405, 411 Hedonic regression analysis, 190, 191193, 194, 246 Hispanic population, 135 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268-269 Home ownership services, 71, 244-246 Household appliances and supplies, 5, 50, 100, 117, 120, 163 Household Food Consumption Survey, 24, 27, 108-109, 111 Households see Family composition and type; Family resources definition; Reference family threshold Housing and shelter costs, 70-71, 246 in expert budgets, 107, 117, 119-120, 121 geographic variation, 2, 8, 29, 45, 6265, 77, 183, 188-200 multipliers, 114-116 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399, 405 in recommended poverty measure, 3, 4, 6, 7, 22, 23, 40, 50, 51, 105 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 401, 405 see also Fair market rents Read the entire page →
From page 495... ... , 117, 238, 409n International comparisons, 26, 31, 125, 126-128 Iso-prop scaling method, 172 Job Corps, 442-443 Jobs and training programs, 321, 442443 L Labor force participation in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 393 in Current Population Survey, 396, 403, 411 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 398 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 401 of women with children, 2, 27, 204 see also Earnings; Work expenses; Working families idousmg assistance; Public c, _ Legal Services, 442 Leisure activity, 100 Literacy and illiteracy, 20, 36 Living standard see Standard of living Low-Cost Food Plan, 24n, 108n, 116, 117, 121, 149. See also Minimum diet (USDA) Read the entire page →
From page 496... ... , 437-438 Means testing see Eligibility standards Medicaid, 29, 93, 228, 229, 407, 408, 438-439 Medical benefits, 387, 407, 408, 437 439 valuation of, 30, 223-225 see also Health insurance coverage; Medicaid; Medicare; arid names of other programs Medical costs, 2, 29, 45, 87, 226, 271 274 in expert budgets, 118 and family resource definition, 5, 10, 40, 66, 67-69, 78, 102, 204, 209, 223-225, 267, 268-269, 388-389 survey coverage, 226, 408 variation in, 2, 9-10, 29, 68, 205 INDEX Medical risk index, 10, 11, 68-69, 225, 231-237 Medicare, 29, 228, 229, 407, 408 Metropolitan areas, 28, 29, 186-187 Midwest region, 29, 63, 187, 189 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 265, 268-269 Migrant health centers, 324, 439 Migration see Geographic mobility and migration Military health benefits, 407, 408 Military service, 399 Minimum diet (USDA plans) , 24, 33, 110-111 in basic needs budget, 117 as basis of official poverty measure, 2, 21-22, 24, 32, 48-49, 97-98, 101, 102, 104, 108-110, 162-165 for older persons, 28 Minimum wage, 26 Minority groups, 12, 82-83, 269, 282 Moderate-Cost Food Plan, 121 Mothers' pensions, 338-339 Multipliers, 25, 32-33, 34 and consumption patterns, 26, 32, 104, 108 expert budgets, 108-116 food share, 2, 22, 24-25, 26, 32, 48, 49, 97-98, 102, 104, 109, 110-116 housing share, 114-116 proposed poverty measure, 6, 7, 22, 23, 50, 51, 52, 56-57, 104, 105, 106, 144, 145, 151-153 N National Child Care Surrey, 27 National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) Read the entire page →
From page 497... ... , 126, 168, 177, 178-180 Orshansky, Mollie, 17, 22, 24-25, 32, 101, 102, 108-110, 162-163, 312n p Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) , 13, 86, 295, 391, 397-400 data coverage and content, 398-400, 402, 404_405 497 data quality, 403 poverty estimates, 269n, 307-308, 403, 409-410 sample size and design, 397-398, 404 Panel to Evaluate SIPP, 400-401, 414 Parents see Noncustodial parents; Singleparent families Periodic reviews, 1, 4, 5, 42-44 Perkins Act see Vocational Education Opportunities Persistent poverty, 298-301 Personal care expenses, 5, 50, 107, 117118, 151 Physical health see Health status Policy formation and analysis, 1, 2, 3, 18, 21, 38, 42, 68, 80-81, 97, 313314 and expert budgets, 33, 34 and relative thresholds, 32, 98 taxes, 3, 28-29 welfare, 95-96, 294 Population census see Decennial census Population coverage in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 412n in decennial census, 412-413 in March CPS, 411, 412-413 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 12, 82-83, 282, 286287, 411, 412-413 Population group variation, 1, 3, 11, 18, 38-39, 74-77, 257-262, 264-266 medical costs, 2, 9-10, 29, 68, 205 Poverty gap, 88, 309, 311, 312 Poverty guidelines, 18n, 122, 169, 317n AFDC use, 358, 359 Poverty measure, 18, 21, 25-31 consistency in, 4, 21, 37 criteria for selection, 4, 37-39, 40 depth and intensity of poverty, 23, 87-88, 310-311 elements of, 4-5, 23, 40-42, 98 as eligibility standard, 14, 90, 375-381 periodic review, 1, 4, 5, 42-44 persistent, 13, 86, 294, 295, 298-301 short periods, 13, 72, 85-86, 215, 294, 295-298 Read the entire page →
From page 498... ... 498 see also Economic deprivation and well-being; Equivalence scales; Family resources definition; Multipliers; Poverty threshold adjustment; Poverty thresholds; Reference family threshold Poverty statistics, 26, 38, 42, 43 alternative indexes, 20, 87-89, 100, 308-316 data sources, 11-12, 40, 41, 81-83, 84, 280-292, 391-420 effects of proposed measure, 11, 72 81, 247, 256-278 experimental, 23, 25, 205, 219, 312 313 international comparisons, 26, 31, 125, 126-128 March Current Population Survey, 12, 25, 83, 214, 278-290, 293, 403, 406, 409, 411, 415, 418, 420 official rate, 17, 25, 43 quality, 403, 405-406, 411 Survey of Income and Program Participation, 11, 81, 214, 278-290, 296, 297-298, 403, 406, 411, 415, 420 unit of analysis, 13, 86-87, 301-307 unit of presentation, 307-308 see also Time periods; Time series and trend data Poverty Studies Task Force, 188 Poverty threshold adjustment assistance program implications, 14, 91, 327-329, 377-380 for consumption pattems, 3-4, 6, 7, 23, 25, 30-31, 40, 45, 49-50, 52, 103, 105 by family type, 2, 4, 5, 17, 23, 25, 26, 40, 45, 51, 97, 101, 159-182, 208 geographic variation, 4, 5, 8-9, 23, 40, 41, 45, 60-65, 97, 182-201 over time, 7, 46, 48, 51, 52, 103, 104, 105, 154-157 price changes, 7, 24, 52-53, 102-103, 105, 123-124, 158, 182-183 for working families, 45, 97, 102, 145 see also Equivalence scales INDEX Poverty thresholds, 98-100 absolute, 25, 31, 32, 46, 47, 54, 9899, 102, 103 after-tax concept, 29, 38, 97 allowance for "other expenses," 5-6, 50 components, 3-4, 40, 77-80, 266-269 current, 2, 6, 17, 30, 55, 106 deprivation index, 35-36, 99-100 development of original, 1, 17, 24-25, 32, 48, 104, 108-110 expert budgets, 6, 31, 32-34, 53, 9899, 107-124, 125, 144 farm families, 24, 109, 164 implementation, 5-6, 7, 53-55, 105106, 145-158 relative, 6, 31-32, 34, 35, 37, 42-43, 46, 47, 49-50, 54, 98-99, 104, 112, 113-114, 124-134, 141, 142 subjective, 6, 34-35, 47, 50, 51, 54, 134-140, 141, 142 see also Poverty guidelines; Reference family threshold President's Commission on Income Maintenance, 340 Price changes and inflation current threshold adjustment for, 2-3, 6, 17, 24, 25, 26, 31, 42, 46, 102, 110 and expert budgets, 120, 123-124 proposed threshold adjustment for, 7, 52-53, 105, 158 Programmatic equivalence scale, 166, 168-169 PSID see Panel Study of Income Dynamics Psychological health, 20, 89, 100, 314, 315 Public acceptability and understanding, 1, 3, 4, 21, 22, 38, 40, 48 Public assistance see Assistance programs Public housing, 407, 446-447 valuation of benefit, 30, 221 Public opinion polls, 26, 34-35, 50, 134, 135-137, 174-175 Public policy see Policy formation and analysis Public-use data tapes, 12, 83, 282 Read the entire page →
From page 499... ... , 111 Reference family threshold, 6, 31, 4445, 52, 101, 105 under alternative concepts, 46-48, 54, 111-114, 142, 153-154 annual update, 5, 6, 40, 55, 104, 147 determination, 5-6, 145-154 in relative approach, 124, 125, 129130 scaling, 7-8, 58-60, 159-162, 166 Relative thresholds, 6, 31-32, 34, 35, 37, 42-43, 46, 47, 49-50, 54, 9899, 104, 112, 113-114, 124-134, 141, 142 Rent subsidies, 114, 221, 223, 407 eligibility, 446-447 see also Fair market rents Renwick and Bergmann poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 57, 101, 102, 116-119, 142, 149-150, 151, 152, 154 Research activities and needs, 1, 18, 21, 38-39 on data sources, 12, 84, 288-289 geographic cost-of-living differences, 9, 62-63, 65, 183, 200-201 in-kind benefits valuation, 223 poverty measure improvement, 1, 39, 43, 44, 295 for Survey of Income and Program Participation, 12, 82-84, 281, 286287 Roommates, 13, 28, 87, 302, 305, 306 Rothbarth scaling method, 172-174, 176 Ruggles, Patricia, 47, 54, 111, 114, 116, 142. See also Equivalence scales; Poverty thresholds 499 S Savings, 36, 37, 211 Scale effects see Equivalence scales School nutrition programs, 219, 220221, 407 eligibility, 320-321, 325, 330-331, 440 Schwarz and Volgy poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 57, 122, 142, 150-151, 154 Senior Community Service Employment Program, 443 Senior Companions, 443 Shelter see Housing and shelter costs; Housing assistance Single-parent families, 27, 117, 346 Single persons 28, 45n, 101 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268-269, 270 SIPP see Survey of Income and Program Participation Sloan Foundation, 397 Smith, Adam, 21, 108 Social deprivation, 20, 89, 100, 314-315 Social Security Administration (SSA) Read the entire page →
From page 500... ... , 13, 86, 205, 283-288, 295, 391, 400-402 compared with March Current Population Survey, 278-280, 398, 403, 406-420 data coverage and content, 81-83, 223, 284, 401-402, 404-405, 406-411 data quality, 11, 403-404, 406-410, 411-420 INDEX poverty estimates, 11, 81, 214, 278290, 296, 297-298, 403, 406, 411, 415, 420 sample size and design, 12, 82-83, 205n, 281, 400-401, 404, 409-410, 412 use in setting poverty measure, 11, 12, 40, 82, 83, 278-280, 281-282 Surveys see American Housing Survey; Consumer Expenditure Survey; Current Population Survey; Gallup Poll; Income Survey Development Program; March income supplement (March CPS) ; Panel Study of Income Dynamics; Public opinion polls; Survey of Income and Program Participation T Taxes, 25, 29-30, 45, 122, 207, 402 in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 395, 404 data quality, 407 and family resource definition, 2, 4, 5, 37, 40, 69-70, 97, 102, 205, 237240, 267 in March Current Population Survey 406-407 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399, 404 policy changes, 3, 28-29 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 239-240, 404, 407 Telephones, 22, 36, 100 Thresholds see Poverty thresholds Thrifty Food Plan, 33, 111, 114, 116, 122, 149, 168. Read the entire page →
From page 501... ... see other part of agency title USDA diet see Economy Food Plan; Minimum diet Utilities, 5, 6, 52, 105 V Vacations, 35, 100 Vaughn poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 110, 112, 113, 130n, 131, 134n, 137140, 142 501 Veterans benefits and pensions, 436, 448 Vocational Education Opportunities, Disadvantaged Activities (Perkins Act) , 441-442 W Wages see Eamings Watts Committee see Expert Committee on Family Budget Revisions Weatherization assistance, 444 Weinberg and Lamas poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 114-116, 142 Welfare see Assistance programs; Economic deprivation and wellbeing West region, 28, 29, 64, 77, 186, 187, 189 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268-269 White population, poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 265, 268-269 WIC program see Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Read the entire page →

From page 489...

... , 114, 116, 117, 189, 194, 200, 221, 223, 245 Analysis see Policy formation and analysis Annuities, 216, 217 Assets in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 402, 405 data quality, 408-409 in family resource definition, 13, 37, 71-72, 86, 211, 214-218, 295 in March CPS, 211, 216, 402, 405, 408-409 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 402, 405 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 402, 405, 408-409 Assistance programs, 1, 21, 26, 387 expenditures, 320-321, 323, 433, 434-436 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399 poverty rate among participants, 1, 75-76, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 267-268 see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) ; Education programs; Eligibility standards; Food assistance; Housing assistance; In-kind benefits; Jobs and training programs; Medical benefits; State-administered 489

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From page 490...

... See also Office of Management and Budget Business cycles and recessions, 49-50, 52, 133, 147, 158 C Canada, 127, 134. See also Statistics Canada INDEX Categorical budgets, 116-119 Census see Decennial census Census Bureau Consumer Expenditure Survey, 391 Current Population Survey, 395, 407, 414, 415, 416 data improvement and research role, 44 experimental poverty statistics, 7, 23, 25, 52-53, 105, 205, 219, 312 313 official poverty rate and statistics, 5, 17, 24, 25, 43, 44 public-use data tapes, 12, 83, 282 Senior Redesign Team, 401 Survey of Income and Program Participation, 285, 400, 401, 407, 419 tax estimates, 70, 238-240, 406-407 CEX see Consumer Expenditure Survey Child and Adult Care Food Program, 439 Child care expenses, 2, 27, 45, 102, 118, 331 in expert budgets, 117, 118 and family resource definition, 5, 9, 10, 37, 40, 66, 70, 102, 145, 204, 209, 240-242 survey coverage, 241, 408 Children, 24, 315-316 equivalence scales for, 7, 8, 60, 160, 161-162, 165-166, 169-170, 172, 173, 177-178 poverty rates, 75, 76, 257, 260, 261, 265, 268-269 see also Family composition and type Child support, 27-28, 45, 331 and family resource definition, 5, 10, 40, 66, 71, 102, 204, 210, 243-244, 267 survey coverage, 244, 408 Civilian Health and Medical Programs for the Veterans' Administration (CHAMPVA)

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From page 491...

... , 43, 110111, 146, 201, 391-392 and threshold adjustment, 7, 24, 52, 102-103, 105, 123-124, 182-183 Consumption and spending patterns, 39, 51, 102, 402, 405 determination of thresholds, 23, 5051 in family resources definition, 36-37 491 in food plan development, 111 geographic variation, 28-29, 184 186 in March CPS, 405 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 405 in reference family threshold development, 3, 5, 40, 145 and relative thresholds, 31-32, 59, 129 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 405 in threshold update and adjustment, 3-4, 6, 7, 23, 25, 30-31, 40, 45, 49-50, 52, 103, 105 see also Basic living needs; Child care expenses; Consumer Expenditure Survey; Nondiscretionary expenses; Work expenses Cost-of-living adjustment see Poverty threshold adjustment Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) , 26, 162 CPS see Current Population Survey; March income supplement Credit cards, 36, 211, 212, 213 Crime, 20, 100, 314 Crisis resource definition, 36, 72, 212n, 214-218, 297 Current Population Reports, 25, 293 Current Population Survey (CPS)

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From page 492...

... 11-12, in assistance program determination, 14, 90, 318-320, 330-333 in family resource definition, 9, 10, 40, 43, 66, 69-70, 90, 144-145, 206-210, 218-219, 290 monitoring changes in, 3, 42 Distribution of income, 13, 23, 46, 88, 309, 311 Earnings capacity, 430-431 in proposed poverty measure, 2 in Current Population Survey, 403 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 403 Economic deprivation and well-being, 1, 18, 19-23, 89, 99-100, 298-299, 314-316 Economic resources see Family resources definition Economies of scale, 7-8, 24, 28, 60, 101, 162, 163, 164-165 Economy Food Plan, 24, 32, 33, 108109, 110, 111, 163, 164. See also Minimum diet (USDA plans)

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From page 493...

... ; and under names of other programs Food requirements and spending, 48-49, 102-103, 153, 170-172 expert budgets, 47, 48-49, 104, 107, 108-114, 120 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399 in recommended poverty measure, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 22, 23, 40, 50, 52, 105, 143, 147-151

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From page 494...

... See also Subjective thresholds General Social Survey, 34n, 135, 139 Geographic mobility and migration, 399 AFDC impacts, 94, 341, 346-349 Geographic variation, 1, 2, 11, 38-39, 77, 246 in AFDC needs standards, 14, 92-93, 359-375 consumption and spending, 28-29, 184-186 in expert budgets, 117, 121 food costs, 24 hedonic regression analysis, 190, 191 193, 194, 246 housing costs, 2, 8, 29, 45, 62-65, 77, 183, 188-200 threshold adjustments for, 4, 5, 8-9, 23, 40, 41, 45, 60-65, 97, 182-201 see also Midwest region; Northeast region; South region; West region Government see Assistance programs; Policy formation and analysis Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , 128 H Head-count ratio, 87-88, 308-309, 310, 311-312, 314 Head Start program, 90, 317, 323, 324, 332, 441 INDEX Health and Retirement Study, 409n Health insurance coverage, 2, 29, 118 in Current Population Survey, 397 employer-provided, 29, 30, 68, 118, 230-231 poverty rates for uninsured, 75, 76, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268 269 premiums, 5, 10, 29, 40, 45, 66, 68, 102, 209 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 401 in surveys, 407, 408 valuation as income, 65-66, 67-69, 205, 227-231, 233-234 Health status, 2, 20, 36, 89, 314, 315 and medical costs, 29 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399, 405 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 405, 411 Hedonic regression analysis, 190, 191193, 194, 246 Hispanic population, 135 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268-269 Home ownership services, 71, 244-246 Household appliances and supplies, 5, 50, 100, 117, 120, 163 Household Food Consumption Survey, 24, 27, 108-109, 111 Households see Family composition and type; Family resources definition; Reference family threshold Housing and shelter costs, 70-71, 246 in expert budgets, 107, 117, 119-120, 121 geographic variation, 2, 8, 29, 45, 6265, 77, 183, 188-200 multipliers, 114-116 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399, 405 in recommended poverty measure, 3, 4, 6, 7, 22, 23, 40, 50, 51, 105 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 401, 405 see also Fair market rents

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From page 495...

... , 117, 238, 409n International comparisons, 26, 31, 125, 126-128 Iso-prop scaling method, 172 Job Corps, 442-443 Jobs and training programs, 321, 442443 L Labor force participation in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 393 in Current Population Survey, 396, 403, 411 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 398 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 401 of women with children, 2, 27, 204 see also Earnings; Work expenses; Working families idousmg assistance; Public c, _ Legal Services, 442 Leisure activity, 100 Literacy and illiteracy, 20, 36 Living standard see Standard of living Low-Cost Food Plan, 24n, 108n, 116, 117, 121, 149. See also Minimum diet (USDA)

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From page 496...

... , 437-438 Means testing see Eligibility standards Medicaid, 29, 93, 228, 229, 407, 408, 438-439 Medical benefits, 387, 407, 408, 437 439 valuation of, 30, 223-225 see also Health insurance coverage; Medicaid; Medicare; arid names of other programs Medical costs, 2, 29, 45, 87, 226, 271 274 in expert budgets, 118 and family resource definition, 5, 10, 40, 66, 67-69, 78, 102, 204, 209, 223-225, 267, 268-269, 388-389 survey coverage, 226, 408 variation in, 2, 9-10, 29, 68, 205 INDEX Medical risk index, 10, 11, 68-69, 225, 231-237 Medicare, 29, 228, 229, 407, 408 Metropolitan areas, 28, 29, 186-187 Midwest region, 29, 63, 187, 189 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 265, 268-269 Migrant health centers, 324, 439 Migration see Geographic mobility and migration Military health benefits, 407, 408 Military service, 399 Minimum diet (USDA plans) , 24, 33, 110-111 in basic needs budget, 117 as basis of official poverty measure, 2, 21-22, 24, 32, 48-49, 97-98, 101, 102, 104, 108-110, 162-165 for older persons, 28 Minimum wage, 26 Minority groups, 12, 82-83, 269, 282 Moderate-Cost Food Plan, 121 Mothers' pensions, 338-339 Multipliers, 25, 32-33, 34 and consumption patterns, 26, 32, 104, 108 expert budgets, 108-116 food share, 2, 22, 24-25, 26, 32, 48, 49, 97-98, 102, 104, 109, 110-116 housing share, 114-116 proposed poverty measure, 6, 7, 22, 23, 50, 51, 52, 56-57, 104, 105, 106, 144, 145, 151-153 N National Child Care Surrey, 27 National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA)

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From page 497...

... , 126, 168, 177, 178-180 Orshansky, Mollie, 17, 22, 24-25, 32, 101, 102, 108-110, 162-163, 312n p Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) , 13, 86, 295, 391, 397-400 data coverage and content, 398-400, 402, 404_405 497 data quality, 403 poverty estimates, 269n, 307-308, 403, 409-410 sample size and design, 397-398, 404 Panel to Evaluate SIPP, 400-401, 414 Parents see Noncustodial parents; Singleparent families Periodic reviews, 1, 4, 5, 42-44 Perkins Act see Vocational Education Opportunities Persistent poverty, 298-301 Personal care expenses, 5, 50, 107, 117118, 151 Physical health see Health status Policy formation and analysis, 1, 2, 3, 18, 21, 38, 42, 68, 80-81, 97, 313314 and expert budgets, 33, 34 and relative thresholds, 32, 98 taxes, 3, 28-29 welfare, 95-96, 294 Population census see Decennial census Population coverage in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 412n in decennial census, 412-413 in March CPS, 411, 412-413 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 12, 82-83, 282, 286287, 411, 412-413 Population group variation, 1, 3, 11, 18, 38-39, 74-77, 257-262, 264-266 medical costs, 2, 9-10, 29, 68, 205 Poverty gap, 88, 309, 311, 312 Poverty guidelines, 18n, 122, 169, 317n AFDC use, 358, 359 Poverty measure, 18, 21, 25-31 consistency in, 4, 21, 37 criteria for selection, 4, 37-39, 40 depth and intensity of poverty, 23, 87-88, 310-311 elements of, 4-5, 23, 40-42, 98 as eligibility standard, 14, 90, 375-381 periodic review, 1, 4, 5, 42-44 persistent, 13, 86, 294, 295, 298-301 short periods, 13, 72, 85-86, 215, 294, 295-298

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From page 498...

... 498 see also Economic deprivation and well-being; Equivalence scales; Family resources definition; Multipliers; Poverty threshold adjustment; Poverty thresholds; Reference family threshold Poverty statistics, 26, 38, 42, 43 alternative indexes, 20, 87-89, 100, 308-316 data sources, 11-12, 40, 41, 81-83, 84, 280-292, 391-420 effects of proposed measure, 11, 72 81, 247, 256-278 experimental, 23, 25, 205, 219, 312 313 international comparisons, 26, 31, 125, 126-128 March Current Population Survey, 12, 25, 83, 214, 278-290, 293, 403, 406, 409, 411, 415, 418, 420 official rate, 17, 25, 43 quality, 403, 405-406, 411 Survey of Income and Program Participation, 11, 81, 214, 278-290, 296, 297-298, 403, 406, 411, 415, 420 unit of analysis, 13, 86-87, 301-307 unit of presentation, 307-308 see also Time periods; Time series and trend data Poverty Studies Task Force, 188 Poverty threshold adjustment assistance program implications, 14, 91, 327-329, 377-380 for consumption pattems, 3-4, 6, 7, 23, 25, 30-31, 40, 45, 49-50, 52, 103, 105 by family type, 2, 4, 5, 17, 23, 25, 26, 40, 45, 51, 97, 101, 159-182, 208 geographic variation, 4, 5, 8-9, 23, 40, 41, 45, 60-65, 97, 182-201 over time, 7, 46, 48, 51, 52, 103, 104, 105, 154-157 price changes, 7, 24, 52-53, 102-103, 105, 123-124, 158, 182-183 for working families, 45, 97, 102, 145 see also Equivalence scales INDEX Poverty thresholds, 98-100 absolute, 25, 31, 32, 46, 47, 54, 9899, 102, 103 after-tax concept, 29, 38, 97 allowance for "other expenses," 5-6, 50 components, 3-4, 40, 77-80, 266-269 current, 2, 6, 17, 30, 55, 106 deprivation index, 35-36, 99-100 development of original, 1, 17, 24-25, 32, 48, 104, 108-110 expert budgets, 6, 31, 32-34, 53, 9899, 107-124, 125, 144 farm families, 24, 109, 164 implementation, 5-6, 7, 53-55, 105106, 145-158 relative, 6, 31-32, 34, 35, 37, 42-43, 46, 47, 49-50, 54, 98-99, 104, 112, 113-114, 124-134, 141, 142 subjective, 6, 34-35, 47, 50, 51, 54, 134-140, 141, 142 see also Poverty guidelines; Reference family threshold President's Commission on Income Maintenance, 340 Price changes and inflation current threshold adjustment for, 2-3, 6, 17, 24, 25, 26, 31, 42, 46, 102, 110 and expert budgets, 120, 123-124 proposed threshold adjustment for, 7, 52-53, 105, 158 Programmatic equivalence scale, 166, 168-169 PSID see Panel Study of Income Dynamics Psychological health, 20, 89, 100, 314, 315 Public acceptability and understanding, 1, 3, 4, 21, 22, 38, 40, 48 Public assistance see Assistance programs Public housing, 407, 446-447 valuation of benefit, 30, 221 Public opinion polls, 26, 34-35, 50, 134, 135-137, 174-175 Public policy see Policy formation and analysis Public-use data tapes, 12, 83, 282

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... , 111 Reference family threshold, 6, 31, 4445, 52, 101, 105 under alternative concepts, 46-48, 54, 111-114, 142, 153-154 annual update, 5, 6, 40, 55, 104, 147 determination, 5-6, 145-154 in relative approach, 124, 125, 129130 scaling, 7-8, 58-60, 159-162, 166 Relative thresholds, 6, 31-32, 34, 35, 37, 42-43, 46, 47, 49-50, 54, 9899, 104, 112, 113-114, 124-134, 141, 142 Rent subsidies, 114, 221, 223, 407 eligibility, 446-447 see also Fair market rents Renwick and Bergmann poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 57, 101, 102, 116-119, 142, 149-150, 151, 152, 154 Research activities and needs, 1, 18, 21, 38-39 on data sources, 12, 84, 288-289 geographic cost-of-living differences, 9, 62-63, 65, 183, 200-201 in-kind benefits valuation, 223 poverty measure improvement, 1, 39, 43, 44, 295 for Survey of Income and Program Participation, 12, 82-84, 281, 286287 Roommates, 13, 28, 87, 302, 305, 306 Rothbarth scaling method, 172-174, 176 Ruggles, Patricia, 47, 54, 111, 114, 116, 142. See also Equivalence scales; Poverty thresholds 499 S Savings, 36, 37, 211 Scale effects see Equivalence scales School nutrition programs, 219, 220221, 407 eligibility, 320-321, 325, 330-331, 440 Schwarz and Volgy poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 57, 122, 142, 150-151, 154 Senior Community Service Employment Program, 443 Senior Companions, 443 Shelter see Housing and shelter costs; Housing assistance Single-parent families, 27, 117, 346 Single persons 28, 45n, 101 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268-269, 270 SIPP see Survey of Income and Program Participation Sloan Foundation, 397 Smith, Adam, 21, 108 Social deprivation, 20, 89, 100, 314-315 Social Security Administration (SSA)

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... , 13, 86, 205, 283-288, 295, 391, 400-402 compared with March Current Population Survey, 278-280, 398, 403, 406-420 data coverage and content, 81-83, 223, 284, 401-402, 404-405, 406-411 data quality, 11, 403-404, 406-410, 411-420 INDEX poverty estimates, 11, 81, 214, 278290, 296, 297-298, 403, 406, 411, 415, 420 sample size and design, 12, 82-83, 205n, 281, 400-401, 404, 409-410, 412 use in setting poverty measure, 11, 12, 40, 82, 83, 278-280, 281-282 Surveys see American Housing Survey; Consumer Expenditure Survey; Current Population Survey; Gallup Poll; Income Survey Development Program; March income supplement (March CPS) ; Panel Study of Income Dynamics; Public opinion polls; Survey of Income and Program Participation T Taxes, 25, 29-30, 45, 122, 207, 402 in Consumer Expenditure Survey, 395, 404 data quality, 407 and family resource definition, 2, 4, 5, 37, 40, 69-70, 97, 102, 205, 237240, 267 in March Current Population Survey 406-407 in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 399, 404 policy changes, 3, 28-29 in Survey of Income and Program Participation, 239-240, 404, 407 Telephones, 22, 36, 100 Thresholds see Poverty thresholds Thrifty Food Plan, 33, 111, 114, 116, 122, 149, 168.

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From page 501...

... see other part of agency title USDA diet see Economy Food Plan; Minimum diet Utilities, 5, 6, 52, 105 V Vacations, 35, 100 Vaughn poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 110, 112, 113, 130n, 131, 134n, 137140, 142 501 Veterans benefits and pensions, 436, 448 Vocational Education Opportunities, Disadvantaged Activities (Perkins Act) , 441-442 W Wages see Eamings Watts Committee see Expert Committee on Family Budget Revisions Weatherization assistance, 444 Weinberg and Lamas poverty thresholds, 47, 54, 114-116, 142 Welfare see Assistance programs; Economic deprivation and wellbeing West region, 28, 29, 64, 77, 186, 187, 189 poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268-269 White population, poverty rates, 75, 259, 260, 261, 265, 268-269 WIC program see Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

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INDEX Pages 489-501

INDEX
Pages 489-501