The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 529-542

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 529... ... , 390 529 Anatomical modeling, 38, 69-70, 395, 396-397, 398-399, 400-401, 404405 Anchored instruction, 424n, 429, 431 Apparel CIM Center, 391 Applications, 3-4, 15, 35-37, 68-71, 381-385. See also Defense applications; Design, manufacturing, and marketing; Education applications; Entertainment and games; Hazardous operations; Information visualization; Medical and health care applications; Scientific visualization; Telecommunications; Teletravel; Training applications Architectural visualization, 57, 251, 271, 388, 389 aerospace applications, 394-395 for disabled persons, 403-404 Argonne National Laboratory, 176, 406 Argo submersible vehicle, 412 Arm movements, 188-189, 209-210 Read the entire page →
From page 530... ... , 313 AT&T, 175, 364, 365, 439 Attitudes, 45, 108, 109 Auditory channel, 23, 46, 48-50, 79, 80, 82, 134-144, 248, 249 in anatomical modeling, 70 in augmented-reality systems, 145, 153 display and hardware, 23, 47, 48 49, 134, 136-137, 141, 144-153, 159 information transfer rates, 96, 135 136 movement and directional cues, 214, 225-226, 229, 442 resolution, 94, 135 scene analysis, 50, 141-143 and sensory substitution, 50, 95, 100, 143-144, 159 synthetic display, 49, 50, 153-159, 160 in training applications, 415 Augmented-reality systems, 2, 19-21, 95, 145, 153, 432 image registration and alignment, 5,15,48,74,75,79,404 medical applications, 38, 397, 398 399, 400-401, 404, 436 in production line, 37, 393-394 software, 5, 60, 79, 275-276, 295 296 AutoCAD, 273 AutoDesk Cyberspace project, 426-427 Automobile industry, 389-390, 394 Autonomic nervous system, 240-243 Autonomous agents, 5, 22, 60, 77, 79 80, 281-286, 413 in teleoperations, 306, 354, 361 AUTOSEVOCOM network, 439 Autostereoscopic displays, 121, 12( 128, 132 INDEX B Behavioral therapy, 404 Binocular vision, 118 Biocybernetic controllers, 402 Boeing, 392, 393-394 BOOM viewers, 130, 132, 192 Boston Computer Museum, 426 Brain activity, 243-245 Bulk transport, 411-412 Bulletin board systems, 427 C CAD, see Computer-aided design CAE Electronics, 128 CAM, see Computer-aided manufacturing Canada, 355, 383, 408, 417 Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , 324 Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Read the entire page →
From page 531... ... , 387, 391 Computers, see Hardware technologies; Software Concurrent model, 259 Consortia, 64, 389-390 Constructionism, 424-425 Continuous motion illusion, 94-95 Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) , 117-118 Convolvotron, 148, 149 Coriolis forces, 208, 209, 210, 221 Cost-effectiveness, 36, 37, 65, 67, 374, 375 educational applications, 41, 429430 and human performance characteristics, 43, 94, 110 medical applications, 405 teleoperator systems, 39, 412-413 training applications, 40, 70, 415, 416, 422 Crossover model, 98 Cruise missiles, 411 CURV remote vehicle, 412 CyberFace 128, 129, 130 531 D DataGlove, 177, 242, 314, 403-404, 463 DataSuit, 177, 403 Decision-making, 432 modeling, 45, 98-99 Defense applications, 36, 73, 87, 128129, 382, 384-385 networks, 36, 63-64, 83, 363, 369370, 385, 439 teleoperator systems, 36, 305, 320321, 384, 411, 438 Defense Simulation Internet, 363, 370 Definitions, see Terminology and definitions Deleterious effects, see Motion sickness; Psychological issues, side effects; Sopite syndrome Demand Activated Manufacturing Architecture (DAMA) Read the entire page →
From page 532... ... , 242 Electronic Visualization Laboratory, 152, 436 Electrostatic actuators, 312 Electrotactile displays, 177 Emotional response, 240-241 Emu Morpheus Synthesizer, 158 Endoscopy, 398, 399 Engineering applications, 387, 394, 434-435 Enhancing distortions, 44, 48, 71, 93, 103, 119-120, 409 INDEX Entertainment and games, 3, 4, 15, 3536, 46, 67, 381, 382-383 education applications, 41, 69, 107, 423, 427, 430, 431 networks, 63, 88, 363, 365, 372, 383 role-playing, 45, 109, 427, 431 violence in, 45, 109, 383 Ergonomics and comfort issues, 3, 47, 67, 94, 110, 239-240 haptic interfaces, 175-176, 186 head-mounted displays, 47, 73, 104-105, 121, 131, 437 Ethernet, 64, 366 Europe, 16, 383 Evaluation and testing, 7, 65-66, 8384, 373-378 cost-effectiveness, 37, 65, 374, 375 interfaces, 75, 375, 376-378 position-tracking devices, 204 standardization, 7, 83, 84, 378 teleoperations, 337-338, 345-346 training applications, 70, 374, 375, 415, 416, 420, 421-422 Evans & Sutherland, 299, 302 Event-driven model, 258-259 Event-related potentials (ERPs) , 243 EXOS, 177, 242, 314 Exoskeleton, 52, 172, 173-174, 176-177, 178, 180 Explosive ordnance disposal, 411 EYEGEN3, 129 EyePhone, 128, 129, 417 Eyes, see Visual channel F Facilities design, see Production lines Fake Space labs, 128, 130, 192 Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Read the entire page →
From page 533... ... , 242 Games, see Entertainment and games CAMS tracker, 199-200 General Electric, 128 General Motors, 389 General relativity, 435-436 Geometric modeling, 273-275, 294-295 Georgia Institute of Technology, 404 Germany, 16, 408, 409 Glasses, see Head-mounted display systems Gloves, 52, 177, 180, 191-193, 199, 417, 421 DataGlove, 177, 242, 314, 403-404, 463 Goniometers, 51, 191-192, 202 Government policy and infrastructure, 8-9, 84-88 GP8-3D tracker, 199, 200 Graphical displays and imaging, 42, 56, 77, 111, 249-250 hardware, 57-58, 251-261, 296-303, 394, 430 533 medical applications, 38, 395, 398, 404 in teleoperation systems, 81-82, 344-345, 407, 409 see also Augmented-reality systems; Information visualization Graphics, Visualization, and Usability Center, 404 Graphic user interface (GUI) , 264, 265, 266 Greenleaf Medical Systems, 403 Green Telepresence system, 401-402 GROPE project, 176, 436 Ground-based linkage devices, 51, 52, 173-174, 175-176, 192-193, 203 in robotics, 309 Gustatory channel, 23, 55, 245 GyroChip, 200 GyroEngine, 200 H Hand tracking, 188-189, 192, 193, 266 267 Haptic channel, 5, 16, 23, 46, 52-53, 72, 74, 161-174, 248-249 hand and arm tracking, 188-189, 192, 193, 266-267 hardware development, 53, 174 177, 180-182, 184-185, 186, 394 illusions, 95, 166, 209 information transfer rates, 96-97 in medical applications, 70, 398, 399, 404 sensorimotor resolution, 94, 177 and sensory substitution, 100, 186 software development, 53, 79, 80, 178-180, 185 in telecommunications, 42 teleoperator systems, 52, 62, 81, 176, 177, 179-180, 189, 304, 305, 315-317, 345 see also Augmented-reality systems; Information visualization Hardware technologies, 3, 5, 57-58, 67, 75-76, 251-261, 289-290 Read the entire page →
From page 534... ... Laboratory, 124, 426 Human-machine interface, 1, 4-5, 21, 46~7, 72-75 in production lines, 389 in rehabilitation systems, 38-39, 402-403 in teleoperator systems, 17-18, 2122, 305-307, 329-330 in virtual environment systems, 2, 18, 21-22 see also Auditory channel; Gloves; Haptic channel; Head-mounted display systems; Locomotion interfaces; Multimodal interfaces; Off-head displays; Visual channel Human operator models, 43, 97-100 Human performance characteristics, 3, 15, 43, 65, 67, 375, 376-378, 392, 393 information transfer rates, 43, 95-97 manual control, 43, 93, 97-99 research needs, 4, 71, 110, 422 sensorimotor resolution, 43, 94-95, 99-100, 104 see also Illusions; Sensorimotor loop alterations Humidity, 55, 245 Hydraulic actuators, 312 Hypermedia integration, 61, 286-287 IC Sensors, 200 Identical elements, 418 Read the entire page →
From page 535... ... , 64-65, 366-367 Locomotion interfaces, 5, 54-55, 72, 74, 205, 206, 211-212, 223-224, 228 229 Loma Linda University Medical Center, 402, 403 Loudspeakers, 49, 145, 151-153 Lunakhod lunar rover, 407~08 Lunar operations, 407~08 M Magnetic bearings and levitation, 311 312 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) Read the entire page →
From page 536... ... , 123, 127, 128, 175, 176, 178, 201 Measurement Systems Inc., 175 Mechatronics, 334 Medical and health care applications, 38-39, 395-405 accreditation, 399-400 computational models 85 imaging, 38, 395, 397, 398, 398-399, 400-401, 404, 436 planning, 400 research agenda, 3, 68, 69-70, 404405 training, 38, 69-70, 395, 396-400, 414, 416 see also Disability and rehabilitation; Telemedicine Medical College of Georgia, 401 Merged display effects, 73, 95 Meta-modeling, 78 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) , 6, 63, 180, 185, 312-313 Microrobotics, 63, 80, 81, 176, 312-313, 402 MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) Read the entire page →
From page 537... ... , 129 Naval Ocean Systems Center, 128, 176 Navigation, 5, 59, 77, 79, 267-272, 293 294, 324-326 Navlab, 324 Negative transfer, 418, 420 Networks and distributed systems, 15, 63-65, 362-363 collaborative, 42, 384, 437-441, 439, 440-441 defense applications, 36, 63-64, 83, 363, 369-370, 385, 439 education applications, 40, 69, 107, 425, 425-426, 438 entertainment, 63, 88, 363, 365, 372, 383 hardware, 367, 370-371 research agenda, 6-7, 82-83, 370 372 software, 64, 369-370, 371-372 standards, 7, 64, 65, 82, 82-83, 364, 366, 368, 372 telerobotics, 6, 62, 63, 64, 80, 81-82 vignette, 32-33 see also Telemedicine Neural stimulation, 56, 239 Noise, see Signal variation and noise Nonanthropomorphic robots, 44, 71, 93, 103 Northern Digital, 195 NPSNET system, 274, 284-286, 370, 371 Nuclear power facilities, 406, 416, 441 Nuclear waste disposal, 406 537 o Ocean, see Underwater applications Odetics 3D Laser Imaging System, 198 Off-ground environments, 409~10 Off-head displays (OHDs) , 47-48, 49, 73, 104, 120, 121-122, 130, 131, 132, 151-153 Off-shore oil operations, 412 Olfactory channel, 23, 55, 245, 246 Open-system environment, 79 Operating systems, 61, 77, 78-79, 291 292 telerobotics, 353-354 Optical technologies, 51, 60, 74, 75, 124, 194-199, 203, 274, 295, 317. Read the entire page →
From page 538... ... , 243, 244-245 Power line maintenance, 409-410 Predictive displays, 6, 19, 80, 355-356, 371, 408-409 Production lines, 388, 389-390 augmented-reality systems, 37, 393-394 textile industry, 391 Proprioception, see Kinesthetics and proprioception Prostheses, 242 Prototypes, 37-38, 388-389 aerospace, 392-395 Psychological issues, 4, 40, 43-46, 7172, 93-110 side effects, 4, 33-35, 45-46, 66, 71, 72, 108-109, 110, 377-378 see also Cognitive models; Human performance characteristics; Motivation; Sensorimotor loop alterations Public opinion and support, 84-85 educational applications, 41, 430 INDEX hazardous operations applications, 39 medical applications, 405 Pupil dilation, 241, 243 Pursuit tracking, 98, 99 R Rasterization, 253-254 Reality Built for Two (RB2) system, 274, 402 RealityEngine (RE2) Read the entire page →
From page 539... ... , 6, 17-18, 62-63, 80-81, 313-317, 407, 409, 413 force, 6, 80, 81, 315-316, 317, 360 joint motion and torque, 314-315 navigational, 324-326 proximity, 6, 80, 359 Sensory modeling, 99-100 Sensory substitution, 44, 50, 71, 100101, 159 auditory, 50, 95, 100, 143-144, 159 haptic channel, 100, 186 Sentry robots, 411 Shape memory alloys (SMAs) , 180, 185, 313 Shared workspaces, 440-441 Sherlock computer system, 106 SIGGRAPH conference, 199, 383-384 539 Signal variation and noise, 43, 44, 48, 77, 95-96, 103-104, 230 haptic channel, 172, 178 Silicon Graphics, 58, 254, 261, 298, 299, 300 SIMNET battle simulation, 63-64, 274, 282, 363, 369-370, 372, 385 Simulation frameworks, 5, 78, 294 Simulation loops, 258 Simulator systems, 2, 14, 22-23 educational applications, 427-428 training applications, 40, 356, 413414, 415, 416, 420, 421~22 Situated cognition, 424n Slice-stacking displays, 125, 126-127 Social and ethical issues, 9, 43, 88, 378 Social interaction and influence, 108, 109, 440 Software, 3, 5-6, 67, 76-80, 261, 291296 augmented-reality systems, 5, 60, 79, 275-276, 295-296 autonomous agents, 5, 22, 60, 77, 79-80, 281-286, 413 communications, 64, 369-370, 371372 hypermedia integration, 61, 286287 interaction, 58-59, 261-267, 292-293 modeling, 5, 59-60, 77, 78, 85, 272281, 294-296, 369 navigation, 5, 59, 77, 79, 267-272, 293-294 operating system, 61, 77, 78-79, 291-292 training applications, 415, 421 Sonet standard, 364 Sonification, 136, 158 Sopite syndrome, 44, 47, 48, 71, 116, 220, 377 Sound, see Auditory channel Space applications, 87, 308, 332, 354, 362, 407-409 Space Automation/Robotics Consortium, 64 Spatial display and resolution, 37, 44, 94, 116, 265, 426-427 Read the entire page →
From page 540... ... systems, definition, In, 2, 13, 21 Systron Donner, 200 Tactile information and feedback, 99100, 163-164, 165, 167-171, 177, 179, 180, 184-185, 392 communication aids, 169, 177 robotic sensors, 316-317, 359 see also Force-feedback display systems; Haptic channel Technology Academy Program, 426 INDEX Technology Innovation Group, 128, 129 Technology Reinvestment Program (TRP) , 292 ~_ ~.~ Telecommunications, 3, 4, 42, 43, 68, 69, 437 443 research agenda, 442-443 see also Networks and distributed systems Telecommuting, 438, 439 Teleconferences, 42, 439, 440, 442 Telemedicine, 38, 395 communication networks, 38, 64, 395, 401, 405, 437-438 surgical applications, 38, 80, 305, 308, 381, 395, 401-402, 405, 437 TeleOperated Vehicle (TOV) Read the entire page →
From page 541... ... technologies, 123, 236 Vestibular displays, 226 Vibration, 169, 170-171, 177, 184 Viking deep-spaca~probe, 408 Violence, 45, 109, 383 Virtex CyberGlove, 177 Virtual actor, 60, 282 see also Autonomous agents Virtual environment (VE) systems, definition, 1-2, 13, 18-19, 22-23 Virtual reality (VR) Read the entire page →
From page 542... ... 542 Visible Human, 396 Visual channel, 5, 23, 46, 47-48, 57, 70, 72, 73-74, 91, 95, 111-120, 415 ambient system, 115-116 in augmented-reality systems, 48, 95, 117, 118-119 color, 113-114, 392 display resolution and distortion, 47, 48, 57, 73, 94, 113-114, 116118, 119-120, 132 display technologies, 122-131, 276281 eye movement and tracking, 48, 51-52, 112-113, 115, 117, 132, 189, 201, 204 in head-mounted displays, 23, 4748, 73, 120-121 illusions, 94-95, 264 information transfer rates, 96, 112 line of sight, 264 and movement, 213-214, 215, 224225, 229 and sensory substitution, 50, 100 see also Information visualization VPL Research, Inc., 128, 129, 158, 177, 274, 314, 396, 402, 403, 417 VxWorks, 353 INDEX W Whole-body motion, 53-54, 55, 205206 illusions, 95, 206-207, 213-215 inertial displays,-54, 220-222, 228 motion sickness, 215-220 noninertial displays, 54, 224-227 stability, 95, 206-207 see also Locomotion interfaces Wide-area networks (WAN) , 7, 64, 65, 363-365, 405 Windows NT, 61, 78 Wind tunnels, 255-256, 435 Woods EIole Oceanographic Institution, 412 World ToolKit, 262 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 128, 148, 222 X Xerox PARC, 440 Read the entire page →

From page 529...

... , 390 529 Anatomical modeling, 38, 69-70, 395, 396-397, 398-399, 400-401, 404405 Anchored instruction, 424n, 429, 431 Apparel CIM Center, 391 Applications, 3-4, 15, 35-37, 68-71, 381-385. See also Defense applications; Design, manufacturing, and marketing; Education applications; Entertainment and games; Hazardous operations; Information visualization; Medical and health care applications; Scientific visualization; Telecommunications; Teletravel; Training applications Architectural visualization, 57, 251, 271, 388, 389 aerospace applications, 394-395 for disabled persons, 403-404 Argonne National Laboratory, 176, 406 Argo submersible vehicle, 412 Arm movements, 188-189, 209-210

Read the entire page →

From page 530...

... , 313 AT&T, 175, 364, 365, 439 Attitudes, 45, 108, 109 Auditory channel, 23, 46, 48-50, 79, 80, 82, 134-144, 248, 249 in anatomical modeling, 70 in augmented-reality systems, 145, 153 display and hardware, 23, 47, 48 49, 134, 136-137, 141, 144-153, 159 information transfer rates, 96, 135 136 movement and directional cues, 214, 225-226, 229, 442 resolution, 94, 135 scene analysis, 50, 141-143 and sensory substitution, 50, 95, 100, 143-144, 159 synthetic display, 49, 50, 153-159, 160 in training applications, 415 Augmented-reality systems, 2, 19-21, 95, 145, 153, 432 image registration and alignment, 5,15,48,74,75,79,404 medical applications, 38, 397, 398 399, 400-401, 404, 436 in production line, 37, 393-394 software, 5, 60, 79, 275-276, 295 296 AutoCAD, 273 AutoDesk Cyberspace project, 426-427 Automobile industry, 389-390, 394 Autonomic nervous system, 240-243 Autonomous agents, 5, 22, 60, 77, 79 80, 281-286, 413 in teleoperations, 306, 354, 361 AUTOSEVOCOM network, 439 Autostereoscopic displays, 121, 12( 128, 132 INDEX B Behavioral therapy, 404 Binocular vision, 118 Biocybernetic controllers, 402 Boeing, 392, 393-394 BOOM viewers, 130, 132, 192 Boston Computer Museum, 426 Brain activity, 243-245 Bulk transport, 411-412 Bulletin board systems, 427 C CAD, see Computer-aided design CAE Electronics, 128 CAM, see Computer-aided manufacturing Canada, 355, 383, 408, 417 Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , 324 Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)

Read the entire page →

From page 531...

... , 387, 391 Computers, see Hardware technologies; Software Concurrent model, 259 Consortia, 64, 389-390 Constructionism, 424-425 Continuous motion illusion, 94-95 Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) , 117-118 Convolvotron, 148, 149 Coriolis forces, 208, 209, 210, 221 Cost-effectiveness, 36, 37, 65, 67, 374, 375 educational applications, 41, 429430 and human performance characteristics, 43, 94, 110 medical applications, 405 teleoperator systems, 39, 412-413 training applications, 40, 70, 415, 416, 422 Crossover model, 98 Cruise missiles, 411 CURV remote vehicle, 412 CyberFace 128, 129, 130 531 D DataGlove, 177, 242, 314, 403-404, 463 DataSuit, 177, 403 Decision-making, 432 modeling, 45, 98-99 Defense applications, 36, 73, 87, 128129, 382, 384-385 networks, 36, 63-64, 83, 363, 369370, 385, 439 teleoperator systems, 36, 305, 320321, 384, 411, 438 Defense Simulation Internet, 363, 370 Definitions, see Terminology and definitions Deleterious effects, see Motion sickness; Psychological issues, side effects; Sopite syndrome Demand Activated Manufacturing Architecture (DAMA)

Read the entire page →

From page 532...

... , 242 Electronic Visualization Laboratory, 152, 436 Electrostatic actuators, 312 Electrotactile displays, 177 Emotional response, 240-241 Emu Morpheus Synthesizer, 158 Endoscopy, 398, 399 Engineering applications, 387, 394, 434-435 Enhancing distortions, 44, 48, 71, 93, 103, 119-120, 409 INDEX Entertainment and games, 3, 4, 15, 3536, 46, 67, 381, 382-383 education applications, 41, 69, 107, 423, 427, 430, 431 networks, 63, 88, 363, 365, 372, 383 role-playing, 45, 109, 427, 431 violence in, 45, 109, 383 Ergonomics and comfort issues, 3, 47, 67, 94, 110, 239-240 haptic interfaces, 175-176, 186 head-mounted displays, 47, 73, 104-105, 121, 131, 437 Ethernet, 64, 366 Europe, 16, 383 Evaluation and testing, 7, 65-66, 8384, 373-378 cost-effectiveness, 37, 65, 374, 375 interfaces, 75, 375, 376-378 position-tracking devices, 204 standardization, 7, 83, 84, 378 teleoperations, 337-338, 345-346 training applications, 70, 374, 375, 415, 416, 420, 421-422 Evans & Sutherland, 299, 302 Event-driven model, 258-259 Event-related potentials (ERPs) , 243 EXOS, 177, 242, 314 Exoskeleton, 52, 172, 173-174, 176-177, 178, 180 Explosive ordnance disposal, 411 EYEGEN3, 129 EyePhone, 128, 129, 417 Eyes, see Visual channel F Facilities design, see Production lines Fake Space labs, 128, 130, 192 Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET)

Read the entire page →

From page 533...

... , 242 Games, see Entertainment and games CAMS tracker, 199-200 General Electric, 128 General Motors, 389 General relativity, 435-436 Geometric modeling, 273-275, 294-295 Georgia Institute of Technology, 404 Germany, 16, 408, 409 Glasses, see Head-mounted display systems Gloves, 52, 177, 180, 191-193, 199, 417, 421 DataGlove, 177, 242, 314, 403-404, 463 Goniometers, 51, 191-192, 202 Government policy and infrastructure, 8-9, 84-88 GP8-3D tracker, 199, 200 Graphical displays and imaging, 42, 56, 77, 111, 249-250 hardware, 57-58, 251-261, 296-303, 394, 430 533 medical applications, 38, 395, 398, 404 in teleoperation systems, 81-82, 344-345, 407, 409 see also Augmented-reality systems; Information visualization Graphics, Visualization, and Usability Center, 404 Graphic user interface (GUI) , 264, 265, 266 Greenleaf Medical Systems, 403 Green Telepresence system, 401-402 GROPE project, 176, 436 Ground-based linkage devices, 51, 52, 173-174, 175-176, 192-193, 203 in robotics, 309 Gustatory channel, 23, 55, 245 GyroChip, 200 GyroEngine, 200 H Hand tracking, 188-189, 192, 193, 266 267 Haptic channel, 5, 16, 23, 46, 52-53, 72, 74, 161-174, 248-249 hand and arm tracking, 188-189, 192, 193, 266-267 hardware development, 53, 174 177, 180-182, 184-185, 186, 394 illusions, 95, 166, 209 information transfer rates, 96-97 in medical applications, 70, 398, 399, 404 sensorimotor resolution, 94, 177 and sensory substitution, 100, 186 software development, 53, 79, 80, 178-180, 185 in telecommunications, 42 teleoperator systems, 52, 62, 81, 176, 177, 179-180, 189, 304, 305, 315-317, 345 see also Augmented-reality systems; Information visualization Hardware technologies, 3, 5, 57-58, 67, 75-76, 251-261, 289-290

Read the entire page →

From page 534...

... Laboratory, 124, 426 Human-machine interface, 1, 4-5, 21, 46~7, 72-75 in production lines, 389 in rehabilitation systems, 38-39, 402-403 in teleoperator systems, 17-18, 2122, 305-307, 329-330 in virtual environment systems, 2, 18, 21-22 see also Auditory channel; Gloves; Haptic channel; Head-mounted display systems; Locomotion interfaces; Multimodal interfaces; Off-head displays; Visual channel Human operator models, 43, 97-100 Human performance characteristics, 3, 15, 43, 65, 67, 375, 376-378, 392, 393 information transfer rates, 43, 95-97 manual control, 43, 93, 97-99 research needs, 4, 71, 110, 422 sensorimotor resolution, 43, 94-95, 99-100, 104 see also Illusions; Sensorimotor loop alterations Humidity, 55, 245 Hydraulic actuators, 312 Hypermedia integration, 61, 286-287 IC Sensors, 200 Identical elements, 418

Read the entire page →

From page 535...

... , 64-65, 366-367 Locomotion interfaces, 5, 54-55, 72, 74, 205, 206, 211-212, 223-224, 228 229 Loma Linda University Medical Center, 402, 403 Loudspeakers, 49, 145, 151-153 Lunakhod lunar rover, 407~08 Lunar operations, 407~08 M Magnetic bearings and levitation, 311 312 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Read the entire page →

From page 536...

... , 123, 127, 128, 175, 176, 178, 201 Measurement Systems Inc., 175 Mechatronics, 334 Medical and health care applications, 38-39, 395-405 accreditation, 399-400 computational models 85 imaging, 38, 395, 397, 398, 398-399, 400-401, 404, 436 planning, 400 research agenda, 3, 68, 69-70, 404405 training, 38, 69-70, 395, 396-400, 414, 416 see also Disability and rehabilitation; Telemedicine Medical College of Georgia, 401 Merged display effects, 73, 95 Meta-modeling, 78 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) , 6, 63, 180, 185, 312-313 Microrobotics, 63, 80, 81, 176, 312-313, 402 MIDI (musical instrument digital interface)

Read the entire page →

From page 537...

... , 129 Naval Ocean Systems Center, 128, 176 Navigation, 5, 59, 77, 79, 267-272, 293 294, 324-326 Navlab, 324 Negative transfer, 418, 420 Networks and distributed systems, 15, 63-65, 362-363 collaborative, 42, 384, 437-441, 439, 440-441 defense applications, 36, 63-64, 83, 363, 369-370, 385, 439 education applications, 40, 69, 107, 425, 425-426, 438 entertainment, 63, 88, 363, 365, 372, 383 hardware, 367, 370-371 research agenda, 6-7, 82-83, 370 372 software, 64, 369-370, 371-372 standards, 7, 64, 65, 82, 82-83, 364, 366, 368, 372 telerobotics, 6, 62, 63, 64, 80, 81-82 vignette, 32-33 see also Telemedicine Neural stimulation, 56, 239 Noise, see Signal variation and noise Nonanthropomorphic robots, 44, 71, 93, 103 Northern Digital, 195 NPSNET system, 274, 284-286, 370, 371 Nuclear power facilities, 406, 416, 441 Nuclear waste disposal, 406 537 o Ocean, see Underwater applications Odetics 3D Laser Imaging System, 198 Off-ground environments, 409~10 Off-head displays (OHDs) , 47-48, 49, 73, 104, 120, 121-122, 130, 131, 132, 151-153 Off-shore oil operations, 412 Olfactory channel, 23, 55, 245, 246 Open-system environment, 79 Operating systems, 61, 77, 78-79, 291 292 telerobotics, 353-354 Optical technologies, 51, 60, 74, 75, 124, 194-199, 203, 274, 295, 317.

Read the entire page →

From page 538...

... , 243, 244-245 Power line maintenance, 409-410 Predictive displays, 6, 19, 80, 355-356, 371, 408-409 Production lines, 388, 389-390 augmented-reality systems, 37, 393-394 textile industry, 391 Proprioception, see Kinesthetics and proprioception Prostheses, 242 Prototypes, 37-38, 388-389 aerospace, 392-395 Psychological issues, 4, 40, 43-46, 7172, 93-110 side effects, 4, 33-35, 45-46, 66, 71, 72, 108-109, 110, 377-378 see also Cognitive models; Human performance characteristics; Motivation; Sensorimotor loop alterations Public opinion and support, 84-85 educational applications, 41, 430 INDEX hazardous operations applications, 39 medical applications, 405 Pupil dilation, 241, 243 Pursuit tracking, 98, 99 R Rasterization, 253-254 Reality Built for Two (RB2) system, 274, 402 RealityEngine (RE2)

Read the entire page →

From page 539...

... , 6, 17-18, 62-63, 80-81, 313-317, 407, 409, 413 force, 6, 80, 81, 315-316, 317, 360 joint motion and torque, 314-315 navigational, 324-326 proximity, 6, 80, 359 Sensory modeling, 99-100 Sensory substitution, 44, 50, 71, 100101, 159 auditory, 50, 95, 100, 143-144, 159 haptic channel, 100, 186 Sentry robots, 411 Shape memory alloys (SMAs) , 180, 185, 313 Shared workspaces, 440-441 Sherlock computer system, 106 SIGGRAPH conference, 199, 383-384 539 Signal variation and noise, 43, 44, 48, 77, 95-96, 103-104, 230 haptic channel, 172, 178 Silicon Graphics, 58, 254, 261, 298, 299, 300 SIMNET battle simulation, 63-64, 274, 282, 363, 369-370, 372, 385 Simulation frameworks, 5, 78, 294 Simulation loops, 258 Simulator systems, 2, 14, 22-23 educational applications, 427-428 training applications, 40, 356, 413414, 415, 416, 420, 421~22 Situated cognition, 424n Slice-stacking displays, 125, 126-127 Social and ethical issues, 9, 43, 88, 378 Social interaction and influence, 108, 109, 440 Software, 3, 5-6, 67, 76-80, 261, 291296 augmented-reality systems, 5, 60, 79, 275-276, 295-296 autonomous agents, 5, 22, 60, 77, 79-80, 281-286, 413 communications, 64, 369-370, 371372 hypermedia integration, 61, 286287 interaction, 58-59, 261-267, 292-293 modeling, 5, 59-60, 77, 78, 85, 272281, 294-296, 369 navigation, 5, 59, 77, 79, 267-272, 293-294 operating system, 61, 77, 78-79, 291-292 training applications, 415, 421 Sonet standard, 364 Sonification, 136, 158 Sopite syndrome, 44, 47, 48, 71, 116, 220, 377 Sound, see Auditory channel Space applications, 87, 308, 332, 354, 362, 407-409 Space Automation/Robotics Consortium, 64 Spatial display and resolution, 37, 44, 94, 116, 265, 426-427

Read the entire page →

From page 540...

... systems, definition, In, 2, 13, 21 Systron Donner, 200 Tactile information and feedback, 99100, 163-164, 165, 167-171, 177, 179, 180, 184-185, 392 communication aids, 169, 177 robotic sensors, 316-317, 359 see also Force-feedback display systems; Haptic channel Technology Academy Program, 426 INDEX Technology Innovation Group, 128, 129 Technology Reinvestment Program (TRP) , 292 ~_ ~.~ Telecommunications, 3, 4, 42, 43, 68, 69, 437 443 research agenda, 442-443 see also Networks and distributed systems Telecommuting, 438, 439 Teleconferences, 42, 439, 440, 442 Telemedicine, 38, 395 communication networks, 38, 64, 395, 401, 405, 437-438 surgical applications, 38, 80, 305, 308, 381, 395, 401-402, 405, 437 TeleOperated Vehicle (TOV)

Read the entire page →

From page 541...

... technologies, 123, 236 Vestibular displays, 226 Vibration, 169, 170-171, 177, 184 Viking deep-spaca~probe, 408 Violence, 45, 109, 383 Virtex CyberGlove, 177 Virtual actor, 60, 282 see also Autonomous agents Virtual environment (VE) systems, definition, 1-2, 13, 18-19, 22-23 Virtual reality (VR)

Read the entire page →

From page 542...

... 542 Visible Human, 396 Visual channel, 5, 23, 46, 47-48, 57, 70, 72, 73-74, 91, 95, 111-120, 415 ambient system, 115-116 in augmented-reality systems, 48, 95, 117, 118-119 color, 113-114, 392 display resolution and distortion, 47, 48, 57, 73, 94, 113-114, 116118, 119-120, 132 display technologies, 122-131, 276281 eye movement and tracking, 48, 51-52, 112-113, 115, 117, 132, 189, 201, 204 in head-mounted displays, 23, 4748, 73, 120-121 illusions, 94-95, 264 information transfer rates, 96, 112 line of sight, 264 and movement, 213-214, 215, 224225, 229 and sensory substitution, 50, 100 see also Information visualization VPL Research, Inc., 128, 129, 158, 177, 274, 314, 396, 402, 403, 417 VxWorks, 353 INDEX W Whole-body motion, 53-54, 55, 205206 illusions, 95, 206-207, 213-215 inertial displays,-54, 220-222, 228 motion sickness, 215-220 noninertial displays, 54, 224-227 stability, 95, 206-207 see also Locomotion interfaces Wide-area networks (WAN) , 7, 64, 65, 363-365, 405 Windows NT, 61, 78 Wind tunnels, 255-256, 435 Woods EIole Oceanographic Institution, 412 World ToolKit, 262 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 128, 148, 222 X Xerox PARC, 440

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 529-542

Index
Pages 529-542