Virtual Reality Scientific and Technological Challenges (1995) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Some Psychological Considerations
1 Some Psychological Considerations
Pages 93-110
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 93... ...
If it is a VE system that is intended to maximize information transfer to the user and incorporates special distortions for this purpose, or if it is a teleoperator system that incorporates a nonanthropomorphic telerobot, then all the issues relevant to the perception of, adaptation to, and learning about altered perceptual cue systems must be considered. In addition, to the extent that the system can be thought of as an extension of traditional manual control systems, many of the concepts and findings relevant to such systems are likely to be applicable.
|
From page 94... ...
A1though knowledge of human resolving power in vision and audition is incomplete, it is sufficiently advanced to provide designers of SE systems with solid background for design choices. Areas in which current knowledge is considerably less adequate include both the input (sensory)
|
From page 95... ...
. Issues related to information transfer rates tend to be very complex because such rates depend not only on basic resolving power, but also on factors related to learning, memory, and perceptual organization.
|
From page 96... ...
Estimates of maximum information transfer rates involving language reception and transmission in various modalities have been presented by Reed and Durlach (1994~. The results indicate that maximum rates for reading English (vision)
|
From page 97... ...
Furthermore, these outputs usually take account of feedback and occur in real time. In an important sense, therefore, such systems can be regarded as descendants of traditional manual control systems, with their emphasis on tracking paradigms and human operator models.
|
From page 98... ...
These results were valid for compensatory tracking tasks but were not valid for high-bandwidth tasks or control of high-order linear and highly nonlinear systems. · Optimal control model These are another class of models of the human operator in manual control tasks based on results obtained from compensatory tracking experiments in which the operator is modeled as an optimal controller within limits of internal constraints and knowledge of task objectives (Bryson and Ho, 19751.
|
From page 99... ...
, which produce muscle force; meet; and · Limb mechanics, in which muscle force generates limb displace · Reflexes and nerve delays in which displacements of the limb excite muscle spindles that feed back to the motor neuron pool in the spinal cord over afferent nerves and sum with the CNS-generated motor neuron input to produce muscle activation over efferent nerves. Each subsystem contributes its own dynamics to the overall human operator dynamics.
|
From page 100... ...
· Presenting sensor information in visual form, for example, dials, gauges, etc., for lack of other suitable choices. · Using the higher sensitivity available in the alternative operator sensory channel, for example, the representation of temperature may be to tenths of degrees on a visual display; this is far above the ability of the operator to discriminate when sensing actual temperature.
|
From page 101... ...
Whereas objective telepresence refers to the use of teleoperator technology for sensing and manipulating remote entities, subjective telepresence refers to the sensations and perceptions experienced by the user. For simplicity, in the following remarks on subjective telepresence, the modifier subjective is dropped and we use simply the term telepresence.
|
From page 102... ...
That this is not generally the case, however, can be easily demonstrated merely by noting that one of the primary motivations for the use of teleoperator systems in hazardous environments is to prevent the operator from experiencing noxious stimuli present in the real environment (i.e., reducing the sense of presence in the real environment)
|
From page 103... ...
In order for this to be the case, it would be necessary to show that models and measurements of telepresence can be usefully substituted for models and measurements of performance, or at the very least, that models and measurements of telepresence provide significant added value to the results that can be achieved solely through the use of models and measurements of performance. ALTE - TIONS OF SENSORIMOTOR LOOPS In practically all SE systems, the human operator's normal sensorimotor loops will be altered by the presence of distortions, time delays, and noise (statistical variability)
|
From page 104... ...
Independent of whether the discomfort caused by the system is most appropriately considered under the heading of "motion sickness," "poor ergonomics," or the "sopite syndrome" (see Chapter 6 for a definition of this syndrome) , such discomfort must be reduced sufficiently to permit individuals to make effective use of the system over extended periods of time.
|
From page 105... ...
Thus, in general, an appreciation of human cognition is an important element in using synthetic environment technology to alter human behavior. Work in the development of cognitive models has a long history.
|
From page 106... ...
theory of learning and problem solving was used to build intelligent tutors in algebra, geometry, and LISP programming language. The ACT theory makes a distinction between factual or declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge.
|
From page 107... ...
Of particular interest here is the opportunity for extensive sensorimotor involvement provided by VE systems. MOTIVATION A question that cuts across the objective-subjective boundary is whether immersive environments contain intrinsic advantages with respect to motivation or incentives to participate in entertainment and educational experiences.
|
From page 108... ...
That is, how cost effectively can VE generate images of humans who can interact realistically with the subject? In particular, can VE generate images of specific significant others, such as family members?
|
From page 109... ...
described a college student who flunked out of college and stayed up almost all night every night to play a fantasy character and interact with other fantasy characters in the Multiple User Dungeons game. Basically, this young man lost his real identity to a character in a game.
|
From page 110... ...
cognitive models that will facilitate effective design of VE systems for purposes of education, training, and information visualization; and (4) increased understanding of the possible deleterious effects of spending substantial portions of time in SE systems.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.