Environmental Medicine Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Case Study 39: Residential Radon Exposure and Lung Cancer in Sweden
Case Study 39: Residential Radon Exposure and Lung Cancer in Sweden
Pages 695-700
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From page 695... ...
In comparison with time-weighted average radon concentrations up to 1.4 psi per liter (50 Bq per cubic meter) , the relative risk was 1.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.6)
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From page 696... ...
19~20 Cumulative radon exposure since 1947 was estimated for each subject by adding the products of the measured radon level and the length of time the subject lived in each residence. Time-weighted mean radon concentrations were calculated by dividing the cumulative radon exposure by the total time spent living in residences for which radon measurements were available.
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From page 697... ...
Excess risks of lung cancer have been reported in these cities after adjustment for smoking.24 Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed with the Epicure package.25 Associations between different measures of exposure to radon and the risk of lung cancer were described with maximum-likelihood estimates of relative risk and 95 percent confidence intervals based on logisticregression analyses.26 The indicator variables were categories of exposure to radon, age (in five-year intervals) , smoking status, urbanization, and occupational exposure.
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From page 698... ...
Relative Risk of Lung Cancer in Sweden, 1980-1984, According to Time-Weighted Mean Residential Radon Exposure since 1947 and Smoking Status. Excess ReL^nvE RISK PeR UNIT OF SMOKING STATUS RADON ExPosuRe (Bq PeR CUBIC MeTeR)
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From page 699... ...
Additional downward adjustment in the conversion of risk estimates in miners to risk estimates for residential exposures may be necessary for example, to control for differences in breathing patterns.6 Assuming that we have included an exposure period appropriate for the induction of lung cancer, it seems that our risk estimates correspond well to extrapolations based on studies in miners. Three recent studies suggested risk estimates within the same range as those based on projections in miners,8 ~~ ~3 although two other studies found no effect of radon.~0 ~2 All five studies were small, and there were many differences among them for example, in relation to sex, radon levels, type of measurements, effect of smoking, and indoor air pollution, all of which are potentially important for the compatibility of the results.
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From page 700... ...
A window ajar can provide an exchange of 10 to 30 cubic meters of air per hour at a wind velocity of 3 m per second.47 This may be two to three times the normal rate of air exchange and thus may reduce the radon concentration by 50 to 70 percent.34t No data on sleeping near an open window were obtained at the time of radon measurements, however. There may have been a degree of exposure misclassification due to this factor.
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