Information Technology for Manufacturing A Research Agenda (1995) / Chapter Skim
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2 Manufacturing: Context, Content, and History
2 Manufacturing: Context, Content, and History
Pages 49-59
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From page 49... ...
Indeed, for certain types of products (e.g.; integrated circuit chips, books) a "new" production facility is 49
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From page 50... ...
Solid line, manual production; dashed line, mass production; dotted line, flexible production. Obtained from an "old" facility simply by making changes to the software that controls the production processes.
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From page 51... ...
It is helpful to abstract manufacturing into four basic elements of an idealized process: product design, process design, shop floor production, and business practices: · Product design normally begins with a combined effort by people who create new technology and people who meet customers to find out what customers need or want and what technology is available or feasible to meet those needs; this aspect of product design is often called conceptual design. In some cases, demand "pulls" and (less often)
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From page 52... ...
The output from the product design activity is a model that describes the product with sufficient specificity and lack of ambiguity that it can be produced with a high degree of conformance to its specifications. · Process design refers to the determination of an appropriate sequence of individual fabrication and assembly steps for converting raw materials and/or parts into a finished product.
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From page 53... ...
In addition, the production environment itself is complex and dynamic: machines break, resources such as parts or people are not always available, processing capability varies, communication falters, people with unique skills get sick or leave the company, and customer demands change. Consequently, the production facility must adapt by detecting changes, modifying intermediate goals, making trade-offs among conflicting goals, resolving constraints, and executing actions in a timely fashion.
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From page 54... ...
Product design and process design appropriately linked constitute design for manufacturability,S while process design realized successfully in production is manifested as process excellence. Production capabilities significantly influence what product designers can create (although Box 2.1 illustrates another influence on product design)
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From page 56... ...
Concurrent engineering stresses more or less simultaneous consideration of product and process design, customer needs, and business practices in order to speed the development process and avoid costly errors or redesigns. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF MANUFACTURING Change is ever present in manufacturing.
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From page 57... ...
One effect of these paradigm shifts, as shown in Figure 2.3, is that employment in the United States in the manufacturing sector has dropped drastically even as the value of goods shipped has remained relatively constant as a percentage of gross national product. The next major paradigm shift occurred after capital, manufacturing technology, and access to raw materials became widely available and no longer represented competitive advantages; U.S.
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From page 58... ...
perspective, perhaps the single most profound change in the manufacturing environment in the recent past has been the emergence of a competitive worldwide market in sophisticated manufactured products as other nations have capitalized on advantages not available to the United States (e.g.,
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From page 59... ...
Product quality, more rapid delivery, better asset control and utilization, and the ability to execute more complex manufacturing tasks and build increasingly complex products have come to characterize excellent manufacturers. Manufacturers are now linked directly to their suppliers and customers.
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