Sources of Medical Technology Universities and Industry (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 233-239
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From page 233... ...
C., 56 Biochemistry interdisciplinary nature of, 174-175, 181-182 Biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector, 11, 19, 26 acquisitions and mergers in, 194, 211 collaboration among firms, 188, 192193, 196-197 cooperation among specialists, 4 drugs, 26, 29 federally sponsored research in, 190-191 Harvard University, partial ownership of biotechnology firms in, 34 integration by large firms and, 193-197, 202 minority participation in, 194 networks and, 188 new biology and, 213-215 R&D investments, 24-28, 28, 196 small firms, 190-195, 198, 201 -202 specialization and, 188-189 strengthening, 34 transaction-cost economics and, 195196, 199 undesirability of collaboration, 199-201 See also University-industry interactions Black, Sir James, 214-215 233
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From page 234... ...
See Cochlear implants Chouard, C H., 110-113, 118-119 Clemens, 83 Clinical trials cardiac imaging and, 137-138, 140-141 case study approach, 146-154, 209 children in, 113, 118 cochlear implantation and, 99- 101, 104 106, 108 experimental versus, 117-121 laser use in optical surgery and, 50 role in innovation of, 215 Cloning See Gene-splicing; Insulin INDEX Cochlear implants Chorimac, 113 clinical versus experimental, 119-121 debate, 108-110 external power source, 113-115 industrial interest, 116 media role in, 112, 121-122 microphonic potential and electrical stimulation, 97-102 otologically respectable, 116 patterns of collaboration and R&D strategies, 12, 97-124 single- and multi-channel, 106-108, 110 See also Children; Deafness Cohen, Stanley, 160 Color flow.
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From page 235... ...
; Minimally Invasive Therapy (MIT) Ethnocardiography description, 129 See also Cardiac imaging Evans, Edward, 107, 116 Eyries, C., 99-100, 102, 110 F Federal Technology Transfer Act, 32-33 See also Intellectual property; Legislation, federal Fiber optics originator, 51 See also Endoscopy Filipi, 84 Financing of research and development chronic diseases and, 25 federal, 15, 17-22, 33, 35, 55 funders and, 16 medical devices and, 19 national goals and, 22 nonprofit, 16-17 235 private, 17, 24-30, 169-171, 176, 1?
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From page 236... ...
, 173 messenger RNA, 165 production of, 172 recombinant DNA, 158, 164-166, 168, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 189 synthetic insulin, 157 See also Gene-splicing; Gene synthesis Intellectual property acquisition of biotech firms and, 203 adaptations needed in, 203 biotechnology firms and universities, licenses between, 194 DNA patent, 34 fiber optics and, 71, 74-75 gynecological laparoscopy, 80 laser patent, 44-45 licensing agreements, growth of, 10-11 life forms, 191 medical devices less protectable as, 5758 property rights and, 181, 191-192 public versus proprietary, 219-220 publicly developed technology, 219-220 technology transfer and, 32-34 scientific findings, 220 See also Bayh-Dole Patent and Trademark Laws Amendment; Patent Office, U.S.; Research contracts and agreements Interdisciplinary research cardiac imaging, 125-126, 144 clinicians and engineers in, 139-140, 142 cochlear implants, 104-105, 122 endoscopy and, 69, 90-94
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See also Endoscopy Laser FocuslElectro Optics, 54-55, 56, 61 Lasers argon, 52-53 armed forces research on, 42-43, 47-48, 55-56 blue-green, 52 dangers, 45, 50 dentistry, 56 invention of, 42-45, 65 Maser research, 43-44, 65 medical conferences, and laser research, 56 medical effectiveness, 59 medical market, 57-62 237 medical schools, 61-62 patent for, 44 photocoagulator, 41, 45-47, 49-52 retinal damage, 46-47 ruby, 52-55 uses of, 56-57, 59 Leibowitz, Elliot, 146 Legislation, federal, 30 See also Bayh-Dole Patent and Trademark Laws Amendment; Federal Technology Transfer Act; Stevenson-Wydler Technology Transfer Act; Waxman-Hatch Act Lehrbuch und Atlas der Gastroskopie, 70 Licensing agreements. See Intellectual property Lithotriptor, and university-industry interactions, 7.
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and cost-effect~veness, 60 See also Endoscopy Minimally Invasive Therapy (MIT) endoscope's role in, 67-68 See also Endoscopy Minton, John P., 56 Molecular biology biotechnology and, 189-190 double helix DNA structure, 159, 189 gene-splicing, 160-161 interdisciplinary role, 174-175, 181-182 Morrison, Andrew, 107, 116 Mouret, Philippe, 86 N National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 33 National Cancer Institute competition for appropriations and, 20 laser research, 56 See also National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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From page 239... ...
See Innovation Research contracts and agreements, 11, 35, 173, 193, 195 See also Financing of research and development; Intellectual property Reverse transcriptase, 165. See also Steptoe, P., 79 Insulin Richardson, Powell, 148 Riggs, 167, 172 Rioux, 83 Rutter, William, 162-163, 167-168, 171, 173, 176-177, 179-181 S Sanger, Frederick, 161 Schawlow, Arthur, 44-45 Schindler, Rudolf, 70-72 Science, 47-48, 101-102, 166, 169, 220 239 Science-based industries contributions to medical innovation, 213 new biology, 213 See also Biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector; Medical device sector Science the Endless Frontier, 17 Science in the National Interest, 35 Secretion of protein, 169 Seeberg, Peter, 171 Semm, Kurt, 79, 83 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography.
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