Unit Manufacturing Processes Issues and Opportunities in Research (1995) / Chapter Skim
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17 International Experience
17 International Experience
Pages 199-208
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From page 199... ...
This chapter will discuss the R&D strategies of major competitor nations, the mechanism used to implement those strategies, and the corresponding influences on the status of unit process understanding. The R&D strategies employed by major competitor nations are very different Tom those of the United States (Nelson, 1993~.
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From page 200... ...
Examination of the R&D agendas for the United States, Japan, and Germany reveals different priorities for each country. Figure 17-2 illustrates the distribution of government Finding in several major application areas: defense, civil space, advancement of research (basic research)
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From page 201... ...
, while Germany has an equal emphasis on defense, advancement of research, and industrial development technologies. The emphasis of the general university Finding for the United States, Japan, and Germany is shown in Figure 17-3.
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From page 202... ...
The system of innovation focuses on incremental improvements to existing manufacturing processes of existing established markets such that products of higher quality result along with improved efficiency in the processes. The target markets and processes are usually related to traditional German industries and produce a short-term return on investment in the R&D project.
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From page 203... ...
These industry groups and trade associations directly influence the R&D agenda of the German government. This interaction is a specific requirement of the German technological policy and ensures that the R&D program addresses commercially relevant projects that will bolster German industrial competitiveness.
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From page 204... ...
Industry is a key contributor in the development of government policies and programs and ensures that the programs are designed to benefit practical commercial applications. Several mechanisms are used to promote newly developed technology into the private sector, including R&D at the national research institutes, cooperative research projects, and economic incentives.
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From page 205... ...
Additional process-related areas in the Japanese R&D agenda include metallic and inorganic process technologies, design and simulation technologies, photoreactive process technology, and processing technologies for extreme environments (Dertosis, 1988; Council on Competitiveness, 19911. R&D IN EUROPEAN MANUFACTURING Since 1984 the evolution ofthe European Community has included several R&D programs known as "frameworks." The most recent framework is scheduled for the 1990-1994 period and consists of several major programs that address manufacturing technologies.
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From page 206... ...
nondefense R&D funding domestic product than that of Japan or Germany; Is a lower fraction of gross · The U.S. government portion of this funding provides little support to manufacturing R&D, while the Japanese R&D plan stresses engineering and the German R&D strategy targets industrial development projects, both addressing the technologies of manufacturing.
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From page 207... ...
In addition, a portion of the R&D projects are devoted to incremental improvements for near-term implementations. Industrial funding is leveraged with federal funding.
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From page 208... ...
1992. Regaining United States Manufacturing Leadership.
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