Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology (1995) / Chapter Skim
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1 INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION
Pages 15-22
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From page 15... ...
are variations in the number, structure, or function of cellular or biochemical components of tissues and organs. Biologic markers afford a means to identify early stages of disease and to unclerstand the basic mechanisms of the biologic responses to substances found in the environment (Committee on Biological Maricers of the National Research Council, 1987~.
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From page 16... ...
Interest in the use of biologic mariners to study the health effects of exposure to environmental toxicants is growing among researchers in clinical medicine, epidemiology, toxicology, and related biomedical fields. Specifically, clinicians can use mariners for early detection of disease; epidemiologists can use them as indicators of exposure to determine internal close or health effects; and toxicologists can use them to estimate doseresponse relationships and to facilitate assessment of risk associated with expo 16 surest Biologic markers also can be helpful in clarifying the underlying mechanisms of specific diseases.
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Biologic mariners often are demonstrated by clinical laboratory measurements or clinical tests user! in the differential diagnosis of various diseases.
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From page 18... ...
Increased blood concentrations of these products can be markers of renal damage, although they are not particularly useful except in cases of severe damage as discussed in Chapters 2 and 4. Other mariners of renal toxicity can be present in urine because of altered renal function or damage to the kidney.
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From page 19... ...
The central focus is on identification of the population at risk, that is, those most likely to be exposed to xenobiotics and susceptible to their adverse effects. The most devastating clinical outcomes are the development of chronic renal disease or urogenital cancer.
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Laboratory sensitivity refers to the lowest concentration of a substance that can be measured reliably, and laboratory specificity refers to the ability of an analytic technique to measure only the substance in question. Predictive value is a measure of the potential usefulness of a test in identifying an exposer!
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A major purpose of mariners in environmental health research is to identify exposed persons, so that risk can be predicted and disease prevented. Validation involves both forward!
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From page 22... ...
Participants in epidemiologic studies might resist or refuse invasive techniques for obtaining mariners or resist providing mariners obtained by techniques perceived to be not fully safe. Although the use of urine samples for mariner detection might be universally accepted, attention should not be directecl away from blood, other body fluids, or tissue as reliable sources of maric ers; accuracy and not convenience should be the driving force.
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