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Introduction
Pages 11-20

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From page 11...
... Then, in 1990, analyses from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth showed that declines in births derived from unintended pregnancies during the 1970s had reversed in the 1980s, with particular increases noted among poor women (Williams and Pratt, 19904. These figures indicated that progress on one of the most basic measures of women's autonomy determining whether and when to bear children-had eroded, a development that could only undermine efforts to improve women's capacity for self-determination and full participation in their communities.
From page 12...
... But the world of education, counseling, and care that supports careful contraceptive use often called family planning has been starkly absent from the "children's agenda" as articulated over the past 10 to 15 years. In fact, pregnancy prevention and family planing have generally been treated as marginal or controversial activities, rarely discussed in a broad, comprehensive way that recognizes the important role that fertility control plays in the lives of men and women, in child and family well-being, and in the overall tenor of communities.2 In particular, pregnancy planning has not been included as a central, routine component of human services, especially preventive health care and education; by contrast, a number of other countries have found many ways to incorporate family planning services into primary care, often as part of maternal and child health services.
From page 13...
... And as managed care networks increasingly dominate health care financing in states and communities, new questions have arisen about the fate of the Title X program and other categorical grant programs now operating side-by-side with growing numbers of health maintenance organizations and other integrated systems. In some communities, categorical family planning programs have found ways to work smoothly with managed care networks, and in others, the relationship has been more difficult (Rosenbaum et al., 19941.
From page 14...
... Another factor shaping the course of the project was the fact that men have largely been excluded from the research, programs, and policies designed to reduce unintended pregnancy in the United States. Although there have been scattered attempts around the nation to involve men In family planning services, for example, or to develop materials on contraception that are oriented to male concerns, much of this activity has been driven by efforts to control Me spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
From page 15...
... Federal and state legislation designed to strengthen child support enforcement and paternity establishment also focuses attention on males in that it provides new incentives for unmarried men in particular to take greater responsibility for preventing Unintended pregnancy. The Family Support Act of 1988 requires states to establish paternity for all children born outside marriage and to require all unmarried fathers to pay child support until their child reaches 18 years of age; although it is too soon to gauge the impact of this law definitively, early reports are that there has been an increase in the percentage of children born outside of marriage who have paternity established and who have a child support award (Hanson et al., 19951.
From page 16...
... . The use of many forms of reversible contraception carefully and successfully can be a complicated undertaking that requires a unique convergence of several factors including a supportive social environment, peer and personal values consistent with diligent contraceptive use, affordable and accessible methods of contraception, and partner agreement and, often,
From page 17...
... The audience for this activity was defined to be policymakers at the federal, state, and local levels; administrators of relevant health and social service programs, including those who are active in the fields of child welfare, family planning, and reproductive health generally; opinion leaders in foundations, the business community, and the media; and scientists in a position to act on the committee's research recommendations. STUDY METHODS AND REPORT ORGANIZATION In meeting its charge, the committee and staff used several methods to gather the needed information.
From page 18...
... Chapter 3 summarizes data on the health and social consequences of unintended pregnancy from the perspective of children and adults and discusses abortion as a major consequence of unintended pregnancy. It also addresses the socioeconomic consequences for children and their mothers of both adolescent parenthood and childbearing among unmarried women, because Intended pregnancy is particularly common among women who are teenaged, unmarried, or both.
From page 19...
... Chapter 7 addresses numerous social forces that influence fertility and the effective use of contraception: political and religious diversity, views about sexuality, historical and ongoing racism, economic factors, cultural and ethnic diversity, gender bias, the far-reaching effects of the antiabortion movement, and the pervasive influence of violence in American life. The broad scope of this chapter is highly consistent with deliberations at the recent United Nations International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, which addressed both men and women in fertility decisions, the integral part that socioeconomic and cultural environments play in reproductive behavior, the pervasive influence of gender bias and other women's issues in population trends, and the importance of addressing human sexuality as part of reproductive health services and policies (United Nations, 19941.
From page 20...
... Torres A Pregnancy, Contraception and Family Planning Services in Industrialized Countries.


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