The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates (1998) / Chapter Skim
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9. Apes: Hominoids
9. Apes: Hominoids
Pages 103-112
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From page 103... ...
gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla graueri western highland gorilla, eastern lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla beringei mountain gorilla Pongo pygmaeus orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus abelii Sumatran orangutan 1 This is a list of scientific and common names of species discussed in this chapter, not a comprehensive taxonomic list.
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From page 104... ...
A third subspecies, the western highland gorilla (or eastern lowland gorilla) , is also recognized in the wild.
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From page 105... ...
Cages provided with horizontal supports that permit suspensory locomotion are well suited for these animals, and they will normally remain in high locations, descending to the floor only occasionally. They are not physically powerfully animals, and cages can be made of lighter material than required for Old World monkeys of comparable size.
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From page 106... ...
. Because their black bodies absorb heat from direct sun rays, there is potential for chimpanzees and gorillas to suffer from heat stroke at relatively mild temperatures, although chimpanzees are routinely maintained outdoors in the southern United States with temperatures in the shade routinely above 38°C (100°F)
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From page 107... ...
In captivity, if necessary, apes can be maintained on a commercial diet specifically prepared for primates; however, they seem to relish a more varied diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and treats. If apes are fed only natural foods, a wide variety of items to ensure adequate protein intake, as well as vitamin and mineral supplements, should be provided.
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From page 108... ...
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Despite the sometimes solitary nature of wild orangutans, all great apes profit from social companionship. Proper social stimulation is crucial for normal development of infant and juvenile animals (Fritz and Howell 1993a; Mason 1965, 1991; Mason and others 1962, 1963)
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From page 109... ...
Chimpanzee females develop huge (3-5 L) perineal swelling, with ovulation immediately after reduction in swelling, but only minor changes in the labia might be detected in gorillas and orangutans and none in lesser apes.
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From page 110... ...
Genital rubbing between bonobos of every age-sex combination has been observed in natural groups. This should be regarded as part of their social repertoire, rather than sexual behavior, and it neither enhances nor decreases reproductive activity (Thompson-Handler and others 1984)
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From page 111... ...
Despite their impressive cognitive abilities and interest in a wide variety of puzzles and cognitive challenges, there is as yet no way to assess a "need" for intellectual exercise in great apes. Ordinary social living in a well-designed enclosure might provide chimpanzees and other great apes all the intellectual stimulation that they require.
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From page 112... ...
VETERINARY CARE Daily health observations by experienced persons are critical to the physical well-being of apes. Persons knowledgeable about an ape's particular personality and behavior might become aware of illness before traditional clinical signs are apparent.
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