The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates (1998) / Chapter Skim
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6. New World Monkeys: Callitrichids
6. New World Monkeys: Callitrichids
Pages 68-79
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From page 68... ...
. The callitrichids are distinct from the cebids in having claws on most digits other than the great toe 1 This is a list of scientific and common names of species discussed in this chapter, not a comprehensive taxonomic list.
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From page 69... ...
described the impoverishing effects of a drastic reduction in environmental complexity on social behavior and infant care in a family group of common marmosets. Large cages, containing branches and other substrates for climbing, have been used successfully in many long-term breeding colonies.
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From page 70... ...
An alternative to providing tall cages is to suspend cages from the ceiling, so that there is space between the cage floor and the floor of the room. Covering the cage floor with wood chips or shredded paper substantially increases the use of the floor by common marmosets and cotton-top tamarins (McKenzie and others 1986)
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From page 71... ...
, and it has been suggested that these problems are related to chronic arousal caused by the proximity of neighboring groups in a colony situation. When several groups are housed in the same room, visual baffles placed between adjacent cages usually appear to be sufficient to reduce threat displays and aggressive behavior, even though animals in one cage can hear and smell other groups of animals; but Epple (unpublished data)
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From page 72... ...
designed a sap feeder made of wooden doweling with holes drilled inside that was filled with gum arabic. Common marmosets quickly learned to excavate holes in this feeder to obtain gum.
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From page 73... ...
A variety of fruits and high-protein foods also will accommodate individual dietary preferences and allow each individual access to some highly preferred foods while maintaining overall nutritional balance. Individual food preferences should be carefully monitored.
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From page 74... ...
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Callitrichids and Goeldi's monkeys typically show little or no sign of estrus and no obvious changes in outward physical appearance or in vaginal cytology during estrus. Estimation of gonadotropins and of ovarian steroids in blood, urine, or feces shows that female ovulatory cycles vary greatly, from 15 to 28 days.
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From page 75... ...
The groups quickly stabilized with one male and one female taking the dominant breeding position. The gestation period varies: about 129 days in golden lion tamarins; 140-150 days in common marmosets, pygmy marmosets, saddle-back tamarins, and Goeldi's monkeys; and up to 184 days in cotton-top tamarins.
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From page 76... ...
reported extreme reproductive suppression -- including reduced parity, reduced number of live births, and increased spontaneous abortions -- during a period when a common marmoset colony was disturbed by nearby building construction.
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From page 77... ...
. Novel objects themselves might not be effective, but enrichment devices that allow animals to remain actively involved with searching for food items (Molzen and French 1989)
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From page 78... ...
The distress vocalizations of monkeys that are caught and handled tend to arouse the entire colony room and in some species can cause prolonged symptoms of stress, such as diarrhea. Frequent handling might be avoided in some species, such as the common marmoset, by training the animals to accept medications with rewards of preferred food (Hearn 1983)
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From page 79... ...
The feeding of high-protein snacks each morning and each afternoon not only increases the protein content of the diet, but allows animal-care staff to monitor the animals more often. Marmosets and tamarins are susceptible to a number of human diseases, including measles, mumps, and cold sores caused by Herpesvirus simplex.
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