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From page 557... ... , 2, 4-5, 13, 14, 27-28, 55-56, 70, 78, 80, 83, 84, 201-224, 400, 463-464 as breeder reactor, 14, 28, 70, 84 cooling system, 388, 398 demonstrations, 28, 217-218 economics, 7, 28, 75, 78, 85, 112, 115-116, 218224, 436, 440-442, 443, 468 feasibility, 5, 28, 75, 85-85 health risks, 108-109, 110-111, 464, 466 integral fast reactor (IFR) program, 14, 27-28, 30, 49, 55, 84-85, 107, 108, 369-370, 375-376, 388 389, 398, 399, 452 licensing, 28, 466, 467 and new EWR construction, 70, 80, 81 Power Reactor, Innovative, Small Module (PRISM) Read the entire page →
From page 558... ... , 25, 27, 28, 31, 40, 83 decay heat, 39-32 repository risk, 33, 34, 82, 100 separations, 3, 37, 41, 42, 45, 47 ANE, see Argonne National Laboratory Aqueous separations, 13, 14, 27, 29, 30, 38, 40-43, 47, 107, 148-150 for ATW systems, 3-4, 46, 47-48 and decay heat, 3-4, 46 economics, 112, 117 REDOX process, 38, 147, 150- 151 solvent extraction processes, 29, 38, 40, 47, 169172, 179 Aqueous transport, see Groundwater dissolution and migration Argentina, uranium enrichment, 357, 362, 363, 372 Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) ALMR/IFR development, 14, 28, 49, 54, 452 EWR fuel reprocessing, 158-164 pyroprocessing separations, 29, 30, 41, 43, 46, 155158, 417 Armed forces, 106 Atmospheric releases, 99, 385 carbon-14, 26 see also Gaseous releases Atomic Energy Act (AEA) Read the entire page →
From page 559... ... Cladding, 3, 22, 34, 45, 89, 147, 488 Zircaloy, 34, 45, 83, 89, 141, 147 Class C waste, 28, 44, 101 Clean Air Act (CAA) , 121, 124 Clean Water Act, 124 Clinch River fast reactor, 369 Clinton Administration policies, 106, 108, 367-368 Commercial waste, see Spent fuel (commercial LWR) Read the entire page →
From page 560... ... Diketones, 175 Dilution processes, 40, 357 Disasters, see Natural disasters Dissolution processes, 30, 40, 43, 147 DOE, see Department of Energy Dose, see Individual dose standard; Radiation doses Drilling, 34, 335, 336, 338 Dry-cask storage, 124, 144 "Dual-use" concerns, 104 DuPont, 116 560 EEarthquakes and seismic activity, 26, 33 Eastern Europe, see Russia and former Soviet bloc EBR- 1 reactor, 389, 398 EBR-~! reactor, 388, 389, 398, 399 Economics, see Costs and economics Effective dose equivalent, 16, 23 Electricity, see Energy production Electrochemical separations, 39, 43-44, 46, 155 Electrodeposition, 180 Electrodialysis, 174 Electromagnetic separation, 371 Electrophoresis, 178 Electrorefining, 37, 39, 43, 47 Encapsulation, 1, 22, 32, 37 Hanford site, 16, 87, 89 Energy Policy Act (PL 102-486) Read the entire page →
From page 561... ... , 121 Feed Materials processing Center (Fernald) , 89 Fermi reactor, 389, 398, 466 Fertile nuclides, 26 Financing issues, 8, ~ 14-115, 117, 119-120, 427-431 power plants, 118 Fissioning, see Actinide burning Fission products, 12, 23-25 groundwater solubility and transport, I, 3, 23, 26, 33, 72 human intrusion, 23, 320 ingestion toxicity, 24, 25 packaging and waste forms, 2, 24-25, 335 repository risk, 1, 23-25, 33, 100 separations, 2, 12, 30, 3S, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 99 transmutation, 14, 50, 100 561 ALMR, 3, 28, 81, 100 ATW, 3, 2S, 46, 81, 387 LWR, 3, 14, 27, 31, 81 reductions in inventory, 52, 72 see also Cesium; Iodine; Strontium; Technetium Flocculation, 40 Fluid fuel systems, 28, 74, 83, 85, 270-271 Fluid transport, see Groundwater dissolution and migration Fluoride salts, 38, 44 Fluoride volatility processes, 38, 44, 46, 47, 152-153, 174-175, 180 Foreign Assistance Act, 361-362, 363 France nuclear weapons program, 104 Phoenix reactor problems, 389, 398 PUREX use, 37, 41, 167, 448 repository development, 448 reprocessing activity, 40, 167, 362, 448 S&T development, 29, 42, 44S, 454 UP3 reprocessing complex, 113, 115, ~ 17, 369, 416, 418-419 Fuel fabrication, 21, 27, 31, 84, 120, 141 ALMR, 215-216 health effects, 109, 110, 141 LWR recycling, 233-234, 237-238 proliferation issues, 106, 107 regulation, 122 residual wastes, 234 Fused salt, 177-178 G Gas centrifuge process, 148, 178, 181, 357, 371-372 Gaseous diffusion, 38, 357, 371 Gaseous releases, 34 carbon-14, 26, 34, 99, 318, 338, 345 see also Atmospheric releases Gas pocketing, 271 General Electric (GE) Read the entire page →
From page 562... ... , 18-19 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, 19 Health-based standards, 15, 16, 26, 34, 318 Health risks, 3, 22, 23-27, 108-112, 119, 384 actinides, 24, 25-26, 108-109, 111 ALMR, 108-109, 110-111, 464, 466 carbon-14, 26, 34 fission products, 23-25 latent cancer deaths, 3, 34, 102, 108, 109, 110 once-through cycle, 3, 22, 109-110, 111, 137-145 temporary storage, 143, 144 uranium mining and processing, 3, 26-27, 74, 108, 109, 110 see also Ingestion toxicity; Radiation doses; Repository risk; Safety issues; Toxicity index Heat, decay, see Decay heat and radioactivity Heavy water reactors (HWRs) , 357-358, 372-373 562 Hexone, 38 High-level waste (HEW) Read the entire page →
From page 563... ... groundwater transport, 1, 3, 23, 26, 33, 329, 332 packaging and waste forms, 24, 25, 31, 35, 81, 82, 84 repository risk, 23-25, 330, 331, 343 separations, 44, 400 transmutation, 2, 3, 14, 24, 25, 31, 50, 81 Ion exchange and adsorption, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42-43, 47, 95, 126, 172-173, 179, 495 Ionic solvents, 38 Iran, proliferation concerns, 365, 366 Iraq Israeli air strike, 106, 108n weapons program and special inspections, 105, 355, 361, 363-364, 371 Iron hydroxide, 38, 40 Irradiated Source Program, 89 Isolation standards, 12, 15, 17 Isopropyl benzene, 42 Ispra loins Research Center, 449, 452, 453 Israel air strike against Iraqi reactor, 106, 108n proliferation concerns, 105, 360, 362 Italy, 449, 453 J Japan enrichment and reprocessing activity, 41, 105, 106, 168, 362, 363, 367-368, 449, 454 563 Rokkashomura reprocessing plant, 113, 11 369, 416, 419 S&T activities, 449-450, 454 Jimson weed, 177 K Karlsrube, Germany, 168, 449, 452, 453, 454 Korea, see North Korea; South Korea K-25 Plant, 89 L Landfills, see Surface storage and disposal LANL, see Los Alamos National Laboratory Lanthanides, 28, 84 Lanthanum fluoride, 38 Laser-induced separation, 175-176, 371, 372 Lead isotopes (Pb) , 26, 386 Lead targets, 28 Leukemia, 25 Licensing and certification ALMRs, 28, 466, 467 ATW, 29 enrichment and separation facilities, 122 interim storage, 18, 123-124 mills, 121 nuclear power plants, 13, 122 Phoenix, 305-306 repositories, 1, 12, 15, 16, 99, 101, 118, 124 Light-water reactors, see Advanced light-water 5, ~ 17, reactor; LWR transmutation technology; Spent fuel (commercial LWR) Read the entire page →
From page 564... ... , 121 National Research Council, 26, 34, 124, 318 Natural agents, 177 Natural disasters, 26, 33-34 Neptunium (Np) , 25, 3l, 40, 72, 83 decay heat, 39 and oxidizing conclitions, 3, 26, 38, 82, 329 repository risk, 25, 33, 34, 343 separation and extraction, 3, 38, 41, 45, 47 Netherlands, 450 Neutron bombardment, 1, 21-22 Neutron capture, 21, 23, 50, 51 Neutron flux, see Fast reactors; High neutron flux; Thermal reactors Neutron production, 13, 29 New Mexico repository sites, 14 Nitrate salts, 38 Nitric acid, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 147 Nonaqueous separations, 13, 14, 29-30, 38-39, 43 for ATW systems, 46-47, 262-263 electrochemical separation process, 39, 43-44, 46, 155 fluoride volatility processes, 38, 44, 46, 47, 152 153, 174-175, 180 molten salt processes, 38-39, 43, 147-148, 153 154, 172 salt transport process, 43, 177-178 Nonproliferation, see Proliferation issues Nonradioactive materials reduction, 40, 47 Nonradiologicalhealth risks, 109, 110 North Korea, proliferation concerns, 105, 355, 364 365 APT, see Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Read the entire page →
From page 565... ... of 1987, In, 15, 17, 18 Nuclear weapons, see Defense production wastes; Proliferation issues o Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , 28, 38, 44, 54, 369, 450 health risk study, 3, 108, 110 waste storage and management, 17, 39, 98 Occupational health and safety, 109, 110 uranium mining and milling, 74, 109, ~10 Office of the Nuclear Waste Negotiator, 18 OMEGA program, 449450 Once-through fuel cycle, 1-2, 10, 11, 102, 136-145 economics, 113, ~ 19, 416 healthrisks,3,22,109-l10,11i,137-145 proliferation issues, 104- 106, 108, 355-358, 362 safety issues, 390-39 1, 392, 408-410 transportation issues, 102, 103, 104 On-line refueling systems, proliferation issues, 359, 372-373 On-site reprocessing, see Integrated reprocessing facilities On-site storage, see Pool storage; Reactor site storage Operating costs, 77, 78, 114, 426-427, 443-444 Organic complexant concentrate, 89 Organic diluents, 41, 42 Organic extractants, 40, 41, 42-43, 44, 46, 48, 126 Organic resins, 172 Organization for Economic Coordination and Development/Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/ NEA) Read the entire page →
From page 566... ... , 26, 31, 33, 44, 386 groundwater transport, 333 Proton beams, 28, 29, 56, 85, 244-246, 273-276, 387, 393, 452 in Phoenix accelerator, 57, 388 Prototypes, see Demonstration and pilot projects Public acceptance and opinion, 8, 119, ~25 defense wastes, 18 Hanford waste tank disposal, 94, 96 geologic repositories, 11, 12, 14, 16, 118, 386 nuclear power, 13, 118, 414 Public health, see Health risks PURETEX process, 448 PUREX (plutonium and uranium extraction) process, 3, 14, 37, 38, 40, 41-42, 46, 111, 147, 151-152 and defense wastes, 14, 16 566 HLW generation, 31, 42 for LWR, 29, 30, 45, 47, 402-403 process Tosses, 31, 58, 84 safety issues, 391 Pyroprocessing, 3, 28, 29, 31, 37, 38-39, 43, 48, 147, 148 costs, 7, 40, 43, 112, 417, 441-442, 443 defense wastes, 29-30, 43 proliferation issues, 107, 369-371 research and development, 28, 29-30, 43, 46, 47, 155-158 safety issues, 391, 399, 400 R Radiation doses, 108, 317, 328-336, 337 background, 3, 26, 34, 111 carbon-14, 26, 34 from groundwater releases, 100, 328-335 from human intrusion, 99, 111, 335-336, 337 individual dose standard, 16, 34, 317 population, 3, 108, 317, 318 transmutation effects, 3, 22, 110-111, 341-344 Radiation exposures, 3, 108, 110, 111, 121, 492 human intrusion, 109-110 repository, 99, 328-336 uranium mining and milling, 3, 27, 386 Radioactivity, see Decay heat and radioactivity; Reactivity control; Reactivity transients Radiolysis and radiation degradation, 3, 40, 42, 43, 47 explosive gases, 74, 271 Radionuclides, see Actinides; Fission products; names of specific elements Radium (Ra) Read the entire page →
From page 567... ... ; Thermal reactors Reactor site storage, 1, 11, 18, 22, 119, 123-124. See also Pool storage Reagan Administration policies, 15, IS, 362 Recycling, 99, 233-234, 237-238 plutonium, 1l, 14, 18, 27, 3l, 39, 82-83, 85 rare earth metals, 2, ~ 1 uranium, 2, ~ I, 27, 31 REDOX process, 38, 147, 150- ~ 5 Reclucing conditions, 1, 3, 33, 329 Regulations and standards, 8, 120-125 defense wastes, 18-19 health-based, 15, 16, 26, 34, 318 monitored retrievable storage, 18, 124 packaging, I, 23, 32-33, 103 end power plants, 13, 118 end repository development, 12, 16, 118, 124 retrieval of spent fuel, ~ 8, 32 separations plants, 30, 122 by states, 11S, 119, 124-125 Release limits EPA regulations, 26, 34, 83, 101, 121, 124, 31S, 336-340, 344-348 NRC regulations, I, 34, 121 Release pathways, see Atmospheric releases; Gaseous releases; Groundwater dissolution and migration; Human intrusion Remote handling, 13, 17 as diversion safeguard, 107 fuel fabrication, 3 I, 120 and pyroprocessing, 37 in separations processes, 38 Repositories (geologic) Read the entire page →
From page 568... ... See also Monitored retrievable storage Reverse osmosis, 174 Risk, see Health risks; Repository risk; Safety issues Robotics, 13, 95, 107 Rocky Flats Plant, 17, 89 Rokkashomura reprocessing plant, 113, 115, 117, 369, 416, 419 Russia and former Soviet bloc BN-350 reactor problems, 389, 398 enrichment and reprocessing activities, 37, 41, 105, 168, 362, 363, 373 proliferation concerns, 104, 106, 365, 366-367 S&T activities, 41, 451 S Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) , 121, 124 Safety issues, 383-392 ALMR, 28, 73, 211-214, 215, 387, 388-389, 397 401 ATW, 28, 29, 73-74, 111, 265-273, 385, 387-388, 391, 392-395 see also Health risks; Repository risk Salt cakes, 16, 32, 39, 89, 95, 98, 194 Salt deposits, 14, 315, 502 Salting agents, 38, 147 Salt transport processes, 43, 177-178 Samarium (Sm) Read the entire page →
From page 569... ... phosphate Technetium (Tc) , 38, 39, 40 groundwater transport, 1, 3, 23, 26, 33, 72, 329, 332 packaging and waste forms, 24, 25, 31, 81, 82 repository risk, 23-25, 33, 330, 331, 332 separation, 30, 40, 42, 44, 178-180 transmutation, 2, 3, 14, 24, 25, 31, 50, 72, 81 "Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards," 16, 26, 34, 328 Technical issues in early repository studies, 14 separations, 30-3 1, 39-40 in S&T considerations, 12-13 Tellurium, 47 Temperature, see Decay heat and radioactivity Temporary storage, see Monitored retrievable storage; Pool storage; Reactor site storage; Retrievable storage Terrorism, 106, 107, 365 Thermal load, see Decay heat and radioactivity Thermal reactors, 2, 3, 26, 56, 100. Read the entire page →
From page 570... ... ; Phoenix accelerator Transportation issues, 102-103, 104 ALMR, 375, 378 ATW, 376, 377 hearth risks, 102, 109, 110 Transport processes, 177- 178 Transuranics (TRW) decay heat, 32, 100 in defense waste, 9, 15, 16, 17 Hanford site, 17, 89, 97 and groundwater releases, 33, 81, 334-335 human intrusion risks, 31, 34, 82, 99, 100, 320 production, 2, 51 in reactor spent fuel, 2, 15-16, 28 repository risk, 16 separations, 30, 40, 42, 45, 99 570 transmutation, 2, 4-5, 14, 50-51, 58-71, 82-84 ALMR, 2, 4-5, 14, 28, 61-66, 71, 82, 83, 84-85, 207-209 ATW, 2, 5, 66-68, 71, 82, 83, 85 constant power scenarios, 61-64, 65, 66-71, 83 declining power scenario, 64-66, 68, 69, 70-71, 83 EWR methods, 2, 5, 27, 30, 68-70, 71, 82, 83, 84, 89, 225-228 process losses, 71, 83-84 reductions in inventory, 7-8, 52, 53, 58-71, 82, 83, 100 uranium ore requirements, 84 Transuranic (TRW) Read the entire page →
From page 571... ... , 14-15, 99, 119 and TRU wastes, 17 Waste isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) , EPA standards, 15, 17, 99 Wastes, see Defense production wastes; Fission products; Packaging and waste forms; Process losses; Solidified defense waste; Spent fuel (commercial EWR) Read the entire page →

From page 557...

... , 2, 4-5, 13, 14, 27-28, 55-56, 70, 78, 80, 83, 84, 201-224, 400, 463-464 as breeder reactor, 14, 28, 70, 84 cooling system, 388, 398 demonstrations, 28, 217-218 economics, 7, 28, 75, 78, 85, 112, 115-116, 218224, 436, 440-442, 443, 468 feasibility, 5, 28, 75, 85-85 health risks, 108-109, 110-111, 464, 466 integral fast reactor (IFR) program, 14, 27-28, 30, 49, 55, 84-85, 107, 108, 369-370, 375-376, 388 389, 398, 399, 452 licensing, 28, 466, 467 and new EWR construction, 70, 80, 81 Power Reactor, Innovative, Small Module (PRISM)

INDEX Pages 557-571

INDEX
Pages 557-571