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From page 205... ... Index A Acid rain, 5 Adaptive management, 51 Agroecosystems coevolutionary perspective, 20, 21-22, 24-25 dispute resolution in, 170 ecological health as goal of, 102 grassland grazing, 36 natural systems vs., 17 Alternative dispute resolution, 169-170 Asiatic clam, 22-23 Assessment of ecosystem health, 15-18 in applied ecology, 112 benchmark data, 103, 104 conflict over methodology, 192- 194 constraints on human perception, 50-53 in ecological engineering, 119-120 ecological integrity, 102- 105 for ecologically sensitive project design, 143-144 reversibility of environmental effects, 58-59 values implicit in, 47-48 205 See also Evaluation of engineering projects; Monitoring activities Assimilative capacity, 3, 9 n.2 Automation, in complex systems, 67 B Benchmark data, 103, 104 Biodiversity characteristics, 195 n.5 in convolution of human and natural systems, 21-22, 23 ecosystem resilience and, 36-37, 39-40 ecosystem services and, 16-17 modeling, 55 pollution response in ecosystems and, 83 recommendations for maintaining, 27 replacement species, 17 worldwide species diversity, 144 Biosphere 2, 15 Biotechnology, 118 Birds, 27 Bonds, environmental assurance, 91-92, 93 Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... Army, 6, 111, 193-194 resource management philosophy, 187-189 D Dams, 3 Description, scientific, 47-48 Design for environment, 4 Design process ecological consideration in, 1-2, 111 ecological vs. engineering approach, 130 ecologically sensitive development projects, 143-144 INDEX economic conceptualizations, 133, 136 environmentally harmful outcomes, 2 environmentally sensitive engineering, 68 Niobrara River engineering, 184 oil development project, 148-157 precautionary practice, 5-6 problem definition, 2-4 uncertainty in, 5, 6 Developing world, 67 Differences between ecology and . Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... integrity of, 100- 102 hierarchy theory, 51-52 keystone processes, 60 life span assessment, 81 nature of change in, 31-32 near instability, 40-41 production-based vs. conservation-based perspectives, 187-190 as public property, 50 restoration project objectives, 178-179 scalar problems in modeling, 46-50 scientific understanding, 31-32, 47 self-organization in, 115-116 spatial attributes, 32 sustainability, 39, 81-83 threats to, 99-100 tropical rain forest, 144- 145 See also Assessment of ecosystem health; Healthy systems Ecosystem services, 2 in balance with technological services, 24-27 defined, 13-14 ecosystem health and, 15~18 historical use, 20 human technology and, 20-24 human well-being and, 18-19 identification of, 14 perception of, 14 population growth and, 26 recommendations for maintaining, 27 social consumption of, 13-14 technological alternatives, 15 valuation of, 14- 15 Ecotechnology, 114 Educational system, 75-76 Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... 208 as setting for ecological-engineering collaboration, 130-131, 134, 158-159 Emergency responses, 68 Endothermy, 7, 39-41 Energy in definition of ecology, 113-114 electricity consumption, 15 optimistic/pessimistic expectations, 88 sustainability of systems and, 82, 83-85 Environmental engineering, 118 Environmental Protection Agency, 173-175 Ethical issues, 66, 67, 72-73, 194- 195 avoiding social traps, 90-91 Eutrophication defined, 82 system functioning, 82-83 Evaluation of engineering projects ecological considerations in, 106 ecological criteria, 2-4 ecologically sensitive development projects, 142 engineering production philosophy, 190-191 iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5 long-term considerations, 9 multiscalar decision-making metamodel for, 57-62 restoration project objectives, 178-179 sustainability issues in, 177 Everglades. See Kissimmee River project Evolutionary processes, 20-25 ecological integrity and, 101 human behavior and, 86 nonpolluting ecosystems, 82 Exotic species, 18, 22-23 Expectations ability to manage ecosystems, 6-7 differences between ecologists and engineers, 6 regarding technological services, 13 Extinction of species, 23, 25 F Fertility trends, 190 Fisheries management, 37-38 INDEX Flow analysis, 84 Forest management, 17, 37, 41 -42 oil development in rain forest, 144-145, 149-157 Future generations, valuation issues, 54 G Game theory, 88-89 Global interaction, 56 ecological tariffs, 93-94 environmental accounting, 92-93 environmental awareness, 98-99 Global warming, 5, 16 Grasslands, 4, 36 H Harmful outcomes, 2 in convolution of human and natural systems, 21-24 environmental assurance bonding against, 91-92, 93 environmental modeling, 57-62 exotic invader species, 22-23 expectations of, among scientists, 6 human capacity to cause, 53 human capacity to prevent, 6-7 in human engineering, 129 implications of uncertainty for policymaking, 5-6 Kissimmee River project, 164 as long-term effects, 8-9 oil exploration/development, 145 recognition of, 97 San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta management, 167-168 Healthy systems biodiversity, 16- 17 change processes, 31-32 characteristics of, 101-102, 195 n.5 evaluation of, 102- 105 human well-being and, 18-19, 97 integrity of systems, 100-102 productivity in, 15- 18 public understanding, 18-19, 25 resilience, 18 Read the entire page →
From page 209... ... INDEX restoring ecosystems, 26-27 scalar factors in defining, 47 technological optimism/pessimism, 87-88 thresholds, 17 Hierarchy theory, 51-52, 59-60 Human Development Index, 67 Hydropower, 177 I Illinois Waterway, 187, 192-194, 195 n.1 Indigenous peoples, 150- 151 Individual decision-making, 9 commons model, 50, 65 determinants of, 19 evolutionary factors, 86 game theory, 88-89 hierarchy theory, 51-52 policy scale, 55-56 social traps in, 86-87 system interactions, 86 Industrial processes, 68 Information feedback in natural systems, 20 . Innovation in policymaking, 91-94 precautionary practice and, 5-6 Input-output analysis, 84, 85 Interdisciplinary initiatives ecotechnology as integrative discipline, 123-124, 125-126 for policymaking, 97-98 International comparison, quality of life, 67 International relations, 21 Iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5 J Jefferson, Thomas, 74-75 K Keystone processes, 60 Kissimmee River project, 2, 3, 111 litigation over, 171-172 209 management strategies, 169-170, 178, 179, 182-184 overview, 164- 166 public controversy, 169 recent developments, 172 restoration objectives, 179-181 significance of, 163, 172, 175 L Labor-time-saving devices, 71 Language of science, 47-48 Life-cycle analysis application, 4 ecosystems, 81 Life span behavior and, 86 quality of life and, 80-81 Local conditions global considerations, 76, 93 land planning, 68 regional ecosystem management strategies, 7, 16-17 resource management, 17-18, 104 Long-term effects, 8-9 of ecotechnology practice, 124 of engineering in natural habitats, 141-142 social traps, 86-87 technology development and, 86, 106 uncertainty effects and, 87-89 water resource management, 103, 175 M Materials balance approach, 84 Migratory species, 27 Mississippi River, 6, 111, 187, 192-194, 195 n.1 Models behavior of complex systems, 84 commons concept, 50, 65 decision-making metamodel, 57-62 ecological constraints on design, 4 ecological engineering, 116-117 ecosystem failure, 191-192 ecosystem stability, 33-34 Read the entire page →
From page 210... ... conservation-based approaches, 187-190 recommendations for sustainability, 91-94 San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta management, 173-175 scalar considerations, 55-56 tax reform, 93 water management, 103-104 waterway navigation system, 192-194 Pollution boundaries, 3 chemical, 83, 103 definition, 81-82 ecosystem response, 83 energy/entropy characteristics, 82, 83-85 eutrophication as, 82-83 Read the entire page →
From page 211... ... conservation-based approaches, 187-190 Productivity, 7 conceptualizations of natural systems, 135 n.2 ecosystem health and, 15- 18 scale discontinuity in ecosystems, 32 Public interest, commons model, 50, 65 Public perception/understanding, 68 to avoid social traps, 90 current awareness of environmental issues, 98-99 of ecosystem health, 18- 19, 25, 106 knowledge needs, 27 quantification of ecosystem services, 16 questions of scale, 45-46 Q Quagga mussel, 22-23 211 Quality of life in built environment, 67 goals, 72-73 life span considerations, 80-81 obligations of engineering profession, 67-68 population growth and, 74 quality of environment and, 65-66, 100 R Recreational activities, 17 Renewable resources, 3 Resilience of ecosystems, 18 conceptualizations of, 32-34 ecological management for, 38-42 engineering conceptualization, 33-34 engineering management for, 36-38 system variability and, 39-40 Resource management adaptive, 51 boundaries of use, 3 challenges, 6-8 ecological engineering principles, 117-118 ecological health as goal of, 101-102 economic reliance upon, flexibility and, 7 ecosystem resilience and, 38-42, 51 engineering resilience and, 36-38 human development and, 24-25, 86, 101 innovative policy-making, 91-94 iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5 local vs. global, 17- 18 monitoring effects of, 7 natural processes vs., 7 population growth and, 26 production-based vs. Read the entire page →
From page 212... ... pure research, 74-75 contributions of, 73 in ecological engineering, 119-120, 125-126 education and training for, 75-76 evaluative content, 47-48 Social engineering, 67 Social traps, 23-24, 86-87 educational prescriptions, 90 policy prescriptions, 90 sociocultural prescriptions, 90-91 technological uncertainty and, 87-89 Social values, 8-9 in adaptive management techniques, 51-52 commons model, 50 determinants of, 50-51 ecosystem services, 14 hierarchical thinking, 52 implicit in environmental models, 46, 47 interdisciplinary examination of, 47 scalar problems, 45, 46, 48 temporospatial scaling in, 53-57, 61 See also Valuation Sociocultural context, 1 avoiding social traps, 90-91 benefits of ecologically sensitive engineering, 2-3 INDEX consumption of ecological services, 13-14, 24 evolutionary processes, 86 expectations regarding technological services, 13 identifying ecological costs, 92 individual interests vs. social interests, 8-9 infrastructure as expression, 72 perception of ecological services, 14 policy scales, 55-56 problems of scale in, 45 rain forest development considerations, 145-146, 150-151 science in, 76 See also Social values Spatial/temporal scales attributes of ecosystem functioning, 32 in concept of sustainability, 79-81 current conceptualizations, 45 in engineering design, 133 environmental problems as scalar problems, 46-50 hierarchy theory, 52 human perception of, 50-53 human values and, 53-57 modeling environmental effects, 58-59 modernist conceptualizations, 45, 46-47 perspectivist view, 45-46 phenomenology, 61 Stabilization ecological health vs. Read the entire page →
From page 213... ... INDEX ecosystem services and, 14 engineering conceptualizations, 129 environmental accounting, 92-94 legal threshold, 195 n.4 in natural systems, 39, 41-42, 81-85 prediction of, 79-80 technological development issues, 159-160 temporospatial concepts embedded in, 79-81 temporospatial thinking, 54-55 Systems perspective, 4 convolution, 19-24 component interaction, 83, 84 concept of resilience, 32-33 concept of sustainability, 9 n.l, 79-81 in ecological engineering, 116-117, 119-120 ecosystem health in, 15- 18 eutrophication processes, 82-83 individual behavior in, 86 natural systems, 7 political context, 132-134 revenge theory, 8-9, 71-72 role of diversity, 83 self-organizing behaviors, 115-116 similarities in ecology and engineering, 131-132, 134-135 in water quality monitoring, 175 T Tariffs, 93-94 Tax reform, 93 Taxes, 172 Technological optimism/pessimism, 87-89 Technological services in balance with ecosystem services, 24-27 current consumption, 13 human development and, 24-25 Threshold concept, 17, 195 n.4 Transportation systems complexity of, 70-71 environmental issues, 69-70 pollutants, 69 213 U Uncertainty, 5-6 in origin of social traps, 87-89 Unknown unknowns, 5, 6 Unknowns, 5 Urban populations, 69, 70 V Valuation determinants of, 51 in economics, 59-60 ecosystem services, 14- 15, 16 environmental, in engineering accounting, 66, 68 mixed-unit, 85 scalar problems, 46 spatiotemporal consideration, 52 See also Social values W Water management, 3, 7 benchmark data, 103, 104 California drinking water, 8 Chesapeake Bay cleanup, 48 ecological goals, 177 evaluation of river ecosystems, 4 flood control, 182-184 hydropower initiatives, 177 measurement and evaluation practices, 102-103 multimetric modeling, 104-105 navigation systems, 187, 192-194 policy, 103-104 production-based vs. conservation-based approaches, 187-190 restoration project objectives, 178-179 threats to, 103 See also Kissimmee River project; San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta Wetlands development, 142, 158 Whooping Cranes, 184 z Zebra mussel, 22-23 Read the entire page →

From page 205...

... Index A Acid rain, 5 Adaptive management, 51 Agroecosystems coevolutionary perspective, 20, 21-22, 24-25 dispute resolution in, 170 ecological health as goal of, 102 grassland grazing, 36 natural systems vs., 17 Alternative dispute resolution, 169-170 Asiatic clam, 22-23 Assessment of ecosystem health, 15-18 in applied ecology, 112 benchmark data, 103, 104 conflict over methodology, 192- 194 constraints on human perception, 50-53 in ecological engineering, 119-120 ecological integrity, 102- 105 for ecologically sensitive project design, 143-144 reversibility of environmental effects, 58-59 values implicit in, 47-48 205 See also Evaluation of engineering projects; Monitoring activities Assimilative capacity, 3, 9 n.2 Automation, in complex systems, 67 B Benchmark data, 103, 104 Biodiversity characteristics, 195 n.5 in convolution of human and natural systems, 21-22, 23 ecosystem resilience and, 36-37, 39-40 ecosystem services and, 16-17 modeling, 55 pollution response in ecosystems and, 83 recommendations for maintaining, 27 replacement species, 17 worldwide species diversity, 144 Biosphere 2, 15 Biotechnology, 118 Birds, 27 Bonds, environmental assurance, 91-92, 93

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From page 206...

... Army, 6, 111, 193-194 resource management philosophy, 187-189 D Dams, 3 Description, scientific, 47-48 Design for environment, 4 Design process ecological consideration in, 1-2, 111 ecological vs. engineering approach, 130 ecologically sensitive development projects, 143-144 INDEX economic conceptualizations, 133, 136 environmentally harmful outcomes, 2 environmentally sensitive engineering, 68 Niobrara River engineering, 184 oil development project, 148-157 precautionary practice, 5-6 problem definition, 2-4 uncertainty in, 5, 6 Developing world, 67 Differences between ecology and .

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From page 207...

... integrity of, 100- 102 hierarchy theory, 51-52 keystone processes, 60 life span assessment, 81 nature of change in, 31-32 near instability, 40-41 production-based vs. conservation-based perspectives, 187-190 as public property, 50 restoration project objectives, 178-179 scalar problems in modeling, 46-50 scientific understanding, 31-32, 47 self-organization in, 115-116 spatial attributes, 32 sustainability, 39, 81-83 threats to, 99-100 tropical rain forest, 144- 145 See also Assessment of ecosystem health; Healthy systems Ecosystem services, 2 in balance with technological services, 24-27 defined, 13-14 ecosystem health and, 15~18 historical use, 20 human technology and, 20-24 human well-being and, 18-19 identification of, 14 perception of, 14 population growth and, 26 recommendations for maintaining, 27 social consumption of, 13-14 technological alternatives, 15 valuation of, 14- 15 Ecotechnology, 114 Educational system, 75-76

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From page 208...

... 208 as setting for ecological-engineering collaboration, 130-131, 134, 158-159 Emergency responses, 68 Endothermy, 7, 39-41 Energy in definition of ecology, 113-114 electricity consumption, 15 optimistic/pessimistic expectations, 88 sustainability of systems and, 82, 83-85 Environmental engineering, 118 Environmental Protection Agency, 173-175 Ethical issues, 66, 67, 72-73, 194- 195 avoiding social traps, 90-91 Eutrophication defined, 82 system functioning, 82-83 Evaluation of engineering projects ecological considerations in, 106 ecological criteria, 2-4 ecologically sensitive development projects, 142 engineering production philosophy, 190-191 iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5 long-term considerations, 9 multiscalar decision-making metamodel for, 57-62 restoration project objectives, 178-179 sustainability issues in, 177 Everglades. See Kissimmee River project Evolutionary processes, 20-25 ecological integrity and, 101 human behavior and, 86 nonpolluting ecosystems, 82 Exotic species, 18, 22-23 Expectations ability to manage ecosystems, 6-7 differences between ecologists and engineers, 6 regarding technological services, 13 Extinction of species, 23, 25 F Fertility trends, 190 Fisheries management, 37-38 INDEX Flow analysis, 84 Forest management, 17, 37, 41 -42 oil development in rain forest, 144-145, 149-157 Future generations, valuation issues, 54 G Game theory, 88-89 Global interaction, 56 ecological tariffs, 93-94 environmental accounting, 92-93 environmental awareness, 98-99 Global warming, 5, 16 Grasslands, 4, 36 H Harmful outcomes, 2 in convolution of human and natural systems, 21-24 environmental assurance bonding against, 91-92, 93 environmental modeling, 57-62 exotic invader species, 22-23 expectations of, among scientists, 6 human capacity to cause, 53 human capacity to prevent, 6-7 in human engineering, 129 implications of uncertainty for policymaking, 5-6 Kissimmee River project, 164 as long-term effects, 8-9 oil exploration/development, 145 recognition of, 97 San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta management, 167-168 Healthy systems biodiversity, 16- 17 change processes, 31-32 characteristics of, 101-102, 195 n.5 evaluation of, 102- 105 human well-being and, 18-19, 97 integrity of systems, 100-102 productivity in, 15- 18 public understanding, 18-19, 25 resilience, 18

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From page 209...

... INDEX restoring ecosystems, 26-27 scalar factors in defining, 47 technological optimism/pessimism, 87-88 thresholds, 17 Hierarchy theory, 51-52, 59-60 Human Development Index, 67 Hydropower, 177 I Illinois Waterway, 187, 192-194, 195 n.1 Indigenous peoples, 150- 151 Individual decision-making, 9 commons model, 50, 65 determinants of, 19 evolutionary factors, 86 game theory, 88-89 hierarchy theory, 51-52 policy scale, 55-56 social traps in, 86-87 system interactions, 86 Industrial processes, 68 Information feedback in natural systems, 20 . Innovation in policymaking, 91-94 precautionary practice and, 5-6 Input-output analysis, 84, 85 Interdisciplinary initiatives ecotechnology as integrative discipline, 123-124, 125-126 for policymaking, 97-98 International comparison, quality of life, 67 International relations, 21 Iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5 J Jefferson, Thomas, 74-75 K Keystone processes, 60 Kissimmee River project, 2, 3, 111 litigation over, 171-172 209 management strategies, 169-170, 178, 179, 182-184 overview, 164- 166 public controversy, 169 recent developments, 172 restoration objectives, 179-181 significance of, 163, 172, 175 L Labor-time-saving devices, 71 Language of science, 47-48 Life-cycle analysis application, 4 ecosystems, 81 Life span behavior and, 86 quality of life and, 80-81 Local conditions global considerations, 76, 93 land planning, 68 regional ecosystem management strategies, 7, 16-17 resource management, 17-18, 104 Long-term effects, 8-9 of ecotechnology practice, 124 of engineering in natural habitats, 141-142 social traps, 86-87 technology development and, 86, 106 uncertainty effects and, 87-89 water resource management, 103, 175 M Materials balance approach, 84 Migratory species, 27 Mississippi River, 6, 111, 187, 192-194, 195 n.1 Models behavior of complex systems, 84 commons concept, 50, 65 decision-making metamodel, 57-62 ecological constraints on design, 4 ecological engineering, 116-117 ecosystem failure, 191-192 ecosystem stability, 33-34

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From page 210...

... conservation-based approaches, 187-190 recommendations for sustainability, 91-94 San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta management, 173-175 scalar considerations, 55-56 tax reform, 93 water management, 103-104 waterway navigation system, 192-194 Pollution boundaries, 3 chemical, 83, 103 definition, 81-82 ecosystem response, 83 energy/entropy characteristics, 82, 83-85 eutrophication as, 82-83

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From page 211...

... conservation-based approaches, 187-190 Productivity, 7 conceptualizations of natural systems, 135 n.2 ecosystem health and, 15- 18 scale discontinuity in ecosystems, 32 Public interest, commons model, 50, 65 Public perception/understanding, 68 to avoid social traps, 90 current awareness of environmental issues, 98-99 of ecosystem health, 18- 19, 25, 106 knowledge needs, 27 quantification of ecosystem services, 16 questions of scale, 45-46 Q Quagga mussel, 22-23 211 Quality of life in built environment, 67 goals, 72-73 life span considerations, 80-81 obligations of engineering profession, 67-68 population growth and, 74 quality of environment and, 65-66, 100 R Recreational activities, 17 Renewable resources, 3 Resilience of ecosystems, 18 conceptualizations of, 32-34 ecological management for, 38-42 engineering conceptualization, 33-34 engineering management for, 36-38 system variability and, 39-40 Resource management adaptive, 51 boundaries of use, 3 challenges, 6-8 ecological engineering principles, 117-118 ecological health as goal of, 101-102 economic reliance upon, flexibility and, 7 ecosystem resilience and, 38-42, 51 engineering resilience and, 36-38 human development and, 24-25, 86, 101 innovative policy-making, 91-94 iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5 local vs. global, 17- 18 monitoring effects of, 7 natural processes vs., 7 population growth and, 26 production-based vs.

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From page 212...

... pure research, 74-75 contributions of, 73 in ecological engineering, 119-120, 125-126 education and training for, 75-76 evaluative content, 47-48 Social engineering, 67 Social traps, 23-24, 86-87 educational prescriptions, 90 policy prescriptions, 90 sociocultural prescriptions, 90-91 technological uncertainty and, 87-89 Social values, 8-9 in adaptive management techniques, 51-52 commons model, 50 determinants of, 50-51 ecosystem services, 14 hierarchical thinking, 52 implicit in environmental models, 46, 47 interdisciplinary examination of, 47 scalar problems, 45, 46, 48 temporospatial scaling in, 53-57, 61 See also Valuation Sociocultural context, 1 avoiding social traps, 90-91 benefits of ecologically sensitive engineering, 2-3 INDEX consumption of ecological services, 13-14, 24 evolutionary processes, 86 expectations regarding technological services, 13 identifying ecological costs, 92 individual interests vs. social interests, 8-9 infrastructure as expression, 72 perception of ecological services, 14 policy scales, 55-56 problems of scale in, 45 rain forest development considerations, 145-146, 150-151 science in, 76 See also Social values Spatial/temporal scales attributes of ecosystem functioning, 32 in concept of sustainability, 79-81 current conceptualizations, 45 in engineering design, 133 environmental problems as scalar problems, 46-50 hierarchy theory, 52 human perception of, 50-53 human values and, 53-57 modeling environmental effects, 58-59 modernist conceptualizations, 45, 46-47 perspectivist view, 45-46 phenomenology, 61 Stabilization ecological health vs.

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From page 213...

... INDEX ecosystem services and, 14 engineering conceptualizations, 129 environmental accounting, 92-94 legal threshold, 195 n.4 in natural systems, 39, 41-42, 81-85 prediction of, 79-80 technological development issues, 159-160 temporospatial concepts embedded in, 79-81 temporospatial thinking, 54-55 Systems perspective, 4 convolution, 19-24 component interaction, 83, 84 concept of resilience, 32-33 concept of sustainability, 9 n.l, 79-81 in ecological engineering, 116-117, 119-120 ecosystem health in, 15- 18 eutrophication processes, 82-83 individual behavior in, 86 natural systems, 7 political context, 132-134 revenge theory, 8-9, 71-72 role of diversity, 83 self-organizing behaviors, 115-116 similarities in ecology and engineering, 131-132, 134-135 in water quality monitoring, 175 T Tariffs, 93-94 Tax reform, 93 Taxes, 172 Technological optimism/pessimism, 87-89 Technological services in balance with ecosystem services, 24-27 current consumption, 13 human development and, 24-25 Threshold concept, 17, 195 n.4 Transportation systems complexity of, 70-71 environmental issues, 69-70 pollutants, 69 213 U Uncertainty, 5-6 in origin of social traps, 87-89 Unknown unknowns, 5, 6 Unknowns, 5 Urban populations, 69, 70 V Valuation determinants of, 51 in economics, 59-60 ecosystem services, 14- 15, 16 environmental, in engineering accounting, 66, 68 mixed-unit, 85 scalar problems, 46 spatiotemporal consideration, 52 See also Social values W Water management, 3, 7 benchmark data, 103, 104 California drinking water, 8 Chesapeake Bay cleanup, 48 ecological goals, 177 evaluation of river ecosystems, 4 flood control, 182-184 hydropower initiatives, 177 measurement and evaluation practices, 102-103 multimetric modeling, 104-105 navigation systems, 187, 192-194 policy, 103-104 production-based vs. conservation-based approaches, 187-190 restoration project objectives, 178-179 threats to, 103 See also Kissimmee River project; San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta Wetlands development, 142, 158 Whooping Cranes, 184 z Zebra mussel, 22-23

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Index Pages 205-214

Index
Pages 205-214