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From page 229... ... Index A Accreditation ANSI role, 4, 35, 40, 60-61, 159-160 in conformity assessment system, 17, 68, 80 of consortia-developed standards, 39 criteria, 81 definition, 80, 206 European Union-U.S. negotiations, 132 133 government recognition, 81, 97-99 industry cooperation in, 81 international trends, 118 for ISO 9000 quality system registrars, 81 laboratory, 51, 54, 80-87, 96, 118- 119, 132-133 National Conformity Assessment System Recognition for, 2-3, 155, 156 number of programs, 81 professional certification, 28 recommendations, 2-3, 4, 155-157, 159 160 role of, 80-81 standardization of criteria, 3, 5, 156-157 system redundancy, 87, 96-97, 154 229 Agriculture, Department of, 16, 51, 76, 122-123 American Association for Laboratory Accreditation, 87 American Council of Independent Laboratories, 72, 74 American Dental Association, 75 American Gas Association, 36, 70, 74 American National Standards Institute, 73 evolution, 39 finances, 39, 49, 64 n.107 government members, 60, 159 government relations, 45-46 international activities, 46, 119, 178 membership, 39 in public-private standardization effort, 59-60 publishing activity, 40-44 recommendations for, 4, 159-160 role of, 23-24, 35, 39, 40, 60-61, 179 standards development procedures, 33 34, 45 structure, 39-40 American Society for Testing and Materials, 34, 38, 47, 55-56, 96 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 28, 29, 37, 47, 75 Read the entire page →
From page 230... ... agreements, 130 132 function, 72-73 government programs, 51, 75-77 intensity of, 73 international harmonization, 106, 118 119 opportunities for improvement, 76-77 INDEX organizations for, 36 private-sector programs, 73-75 revenue, 73 testing and, 73-74 Certification mark, 17, 73, 207 Commerce, Department of, 10, 16, 51, 123 Commercial transactions differentiation vs. standardization, 15 quality system registration in, 77 role of conformity assessment, 17, 66, 68-70 role of standards, 11, 14-15, 19 Communications and information technology industry, 31-32, 181-183 challenges to consensus standardization, 44-45 federal standards development, 51 international standardization, 46, 47 role of compatibility standards, 15, 18 Compatibility standards, 18 challenges to development, 44-45 definition, 205 incentives for adoption, 15, 31-32 Competition in development of de facto standards, 24, 31-32 global, 1-2 standards development and, 14-15 Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, 34, 37-38 Conformity assessment accreditation services in, 17, 68, 80 Asian-U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 231... ... Edwards, 16, 77 Documentation international assistance programs, 146147 quality assurance, 78 Drinking water quality, 74 Due process, 35, 44, 45 E Economies of scale, 14, 15, 30, 105, 106 Employment rate, international trade and, 20, 105 Engineering services, 72 Environmental Protection Agency, 49-51, 96 Environmental standards, 10, 16-17, 208 conformity assessment framework for, 69 government certification programs, 76 international efforts, 164 ETL Testing Laboratories, 74 European Commission for Electrotechnical Standardization, 127-129 European Commission for Standardization, 127-129 European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 127-129 European Union mutual recognition agreement negotiations, 130-134, 147, 160-161 quality system registration trends, 77, 80 recommendations, 5, 161 standards and conformity assessment mechanisms, 32, 127-130, 171-172, 175-176 Read the entire page →
From page 232... ... representation, 122 General Services Administration, 49, 80 Germany, 32 Great Britain, 32 Growth hormone regulation, 109 H Health and safety standards conformity assessment framework for, 69-70 drinking water treatment, 74 government certification programs, 76 government production, 49 historical development, 29-30 role of, 10, 16 role of government, 20 voluntary consensus development, 5657 Health care industry, 38 international standardization, 47, 179180 Read the entire page →
From page 233... ... export markets, 108 112 benefits, 169-171 cost of trade barriers, 107-108 dispute resolution mechanisms, 120-121 GATT agreements, 112-113, 117-121 233 Indonesian policy development, 141 144 intellectual property rights and, 151 n.57 mutual recognition agreements in, 126 ongoing analytical activities, 6-7, 163 164 recommendations, 4-6, 160-162 regulatory trends, 103, 107 retaliatory actions, 5, 124-125, 161 role of standards and conformity assessment in, 1-2, 18, 20, 47, 105, 106 Section 301 provisions, 124-125, 148 standards and conformity assessment as barriers to, 108, 120-121, 171-174 trends, 147, 174-175 U.S. competitiveness in, 1-2 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... export promotion policy, 140-144 Memorandum of understanding, 59-60 MET Electrical Testing Company, 74 Microsoft Corporation, 31, 32 Model T 15 INDEX MS-DOS operating system, 31, 32 Multinational firms, 105 Mutual recognition agreements benefits, 4-5, 119 definition, 207 European Union negotiations, 130-134, 147, 160-161 national network, 5, 156-157 priority regions, 134-140, 147, 161 recommendations for, 5, 161 role of, 98, 134, 161 N National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program, 81 National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, 74 National Center for Standards and Certification Information, 54 National Conference on Weights and Measures, 54, 75 National Conformity Assessment System Recognition, 2-3, 155, 156 National Economic Council, 122 National Electrical Code, 25, 39, 40 National Fire Prevention Association, 25, 38-39, 40 National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration, 16, 76 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 10, 45 data collection and management, 6-7, 54, 163-164 in dissemination of standards and conformity assessment, 6, 163 Fastener Quality Act, 97, 98 finances, 52, 53 international technical assistance efforts, 5-6, 144-147, 162 National Conference on Weights and Measures, 75 recognition programs, 97-98 recommendations for, 2-4, 5-7, 155156, 157, 158-159, 162, 163-164 role of, 51, 52, 57-59, 178 Read the entire page →
From page 235... ... INDEX United States Trade Representative and, 54, 123 in voluntary consensus standardization, Patents 52-54 certification marks, 73 National Standards Systems Network, 45 development of consensus standards National Trade Data Bank, 123 and, 32-33 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, 108-109 National Voluntary Conformity Assessment System Evaluation, 97 98, 132-133, 156 National Volunteer Laboratory Accredita tion Program, 81-87, 96, 178 Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory program, 96, 157 Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 55-56 Network compatibility standards, 31-32 North American Free Trade Agreement, 126, 170 NSF International, 36, 74 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 79 o Obsolete standards, 28-29 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 16, 72, 81, 157 OMB Circular A-119 effectiveness, 57, 158 policy, 55, 56 recommendations, 3, 158 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 108 Organizations for standards development consortia for, 36, 39, 45, 182-183 government funding, 60 industry associations, 37-38 international, 46-47 membership organizations, 38-39 number of standards produced by, 26 private U.S., number of, 33, 36 professional societies for, 36-37 structure and process, 33-35, 60-61 types of, 26, 33, 36 voluntary consensus-building, 23 see also specific organizations 235 p international agreements, 151 n.57 technology diffusion and, 14 Performance standards definition, 206 in OMB Circular A- 119, 55 Pharmaceutical industry, 69 Private sector accreditation programs, 81, 87 certification programs, 73-75 in conformity assessment, recommendations for, 2-3, 4, 155, 158-160 consumption of independent testing services, 72 economic rationale for consensus standardization, 30-33 government recognition of accreditation services, 97-99 government standards development in, 16 international recognition of accreditation services, 119-120, 173 in international technical assistance, 5 6, 146, 162 number of standards in, 19, 26-28 obsolete standards, 29 public-private cooperation in standards development, 57-60, 61, 157-159, 178-179 standards development mechanisms, 23-24, 25-26 in U.S. international trade policy formulation, 124 see also Voluntary consensus standards Process management, 15-16 Process-oriented regulations, 16 Procurement consensus standards for, 55-56 Defense Department, 55, 176-177 federal certification programs for, 76 standards for, 11, 20, 25, 48 Read the entire page →
From page 236... ... testing, 73 definition, 9, 27, 205 estimated number, 19, 26-28 evaluation of effectiveness of, 10-11, 18-19 excess of, 15 function, 9, 10, 11-17, 65 obsolete, 28-29 for professional certification, 28 quality system registration and, 78 variability in influence of, 28 Standards and conformity assessment system data collection and analysis, 54 European mechanisms, 32, 127- 130, 171-172, 175-176 evaluation criteria, 18-19, 29 GATT agreements, 112-113, 117-121 in Indonesia, 141-144 international trade and, 20-21, 105, 147, 153 international trends, 174-175 as non-tariff trade barrier, 108, 120 121, 171-174 role in government, 20 role of government, 179-181 U.S. economic performance and, 1-2 See also Conformity assessment; Standards; Standards development Standards development accreditation, 40 Read the entire page →
From page 237... ... INDEX canvass method, 42-44 conformity assessment and, 17, 65 current inadequacies, 3, 157-158 economic influence, 18-19 federal government in, 55 good qualities, 3, 61, 157 historical evolution, 29-30 international forums for, 46-47 international technical assistance, 5-6, 21, 104, 141, 143-147, 162 market forces in, 30-33 mechanisms, 9-10, 23-26, 60-61 opportunities for improvement, 61 as public good, 16-17, 31 public-private cooperation, 3-4, 57-60, 61, 157-160 recommendations, 3-4, 157-160 sector diversity, 18, 25, 45 technology for, 45 See also Organizations for standards development State, Department of, 123 State and local government accreditation programs, 81 consumption of testing services, 72 multiple accreditations, 87, 96, 98-99, 154 number of standards, 29 product certification, 75 for protection of public welfare, 16-17 recommendations for, 3, 156-157 standards development, 25, 51-52 Strategic standardization management, 14 T Technical advisory groups, 36, 46 Technology diffusion challenges to standardization, 44-45 role of standards in, 11-14 Telecommunications industry, 15, 31, 46, 47, 51, 181-182 Testing accreditation, 80-81 certification and, 73-74 in conformity assessment system, 17, 66 237 consumers of services, 72 definition, 72 European-U.S. agreements, 130-132 industry revenue, 118 international harmonization, 106, 118 119 national trends, 71-72 organizations for, 36 potential savings in reform of, 154-155 Timeline European Union mutual recognition agreement, 161-162 private-sector conformity assessment, 3, 155, 156 standardization of accreditation criteria, 3, 156, 157 Total quality management, 78 Trade Act of 1974, 5, 122, 124-125, 161 Treasury, Department of, 123 Truth in advertising, 68 Typewriter keyboard, 24 U Underwriters Laboratories, 17, 36, 66, 70, 74 United States consensus standards development in, 32, 33 economic performance, 1-2 evolution of conformity assessment system, 65-66 evolution of standards development, 2930 export promotion policy, 140-144 international standardization activities, 46-47 international technical assistance efforts, 5-6, 21, 104, 141, 143-147, 162 international trade and domestic economy, 20, 103, 104-105, 133-134, 160, 169-171 priority trading partners, 134-140 standards and conformity assessment system, evaluation of, 18-19 trade barriers in, 133-134 Read the entire page →
From page 238... ... 238 trade barriers to, 108- 112 trade policy goals, 147-148 trade policy mechanisms, 121-124 See also Federal government; State and local government United States Testing Company, 74 United States Trade Representative interagency coordination, 123-124 NIST and, 54, 123 organizational structure, 122-123 private-sector advisory mechanisms, 124 recommendations for, 5, 6-7, 160, 161, 163, 164 responsibility and authority, 121-122 Section 301 authority, 5, 124-125, 161 Voluntary consensus standards ANSI role, 39 challenges to development, 44-45 definition, 23, 206 development processes, 33-35 due process in development of, 35, 44, 45 INDEX economic rationale, 30-33 federal use of, 54-57, 157-158 influence of, 28 mandatory standards overlap, 9-10, 25, 48-49 NIST in development of, 52-54 number of, 26 public-private cooperation in, 57-60, 61 role of consensus in, 34 for safety, 56-57 sources of, 23, 33 technology development and response time of, 44-45 W Weights and measures, 51, 75, 157 Whitney, Eli, 14 Wood products, 125 World Trade Organization, 7, 21, 103, 113, 164 standing of nongovernmental organizations, 119-120 Read the entire page →

From page 229...

... Index A Accreditation ANSI role, 4, 35, 40, 60-61, 159-160 in conformity assessment system, 17, 68, 80 of consortia-developed standards, 39 criteria, 81 definition, 80, 206 European Union-U.S. negotiations, 132 133 government recognition, 81, 97-99 industry cooperation in, 81 international trends, 118 for ISO 9000 quality system registrars, 81 laboratory, 51, 54, 80-87, 96, 118- 119, 132-133 National Conformity Assessment System Recognition for, 2-3, 155, 156 number of programs, 81 professional certification, 28 recommendations, 2-3, 4, 155-157, 159 160 role of, 80-81 standardization of criteria, 3, 5, 156-157 system redundancy, 87, 96-97, 154 229 Agriculture, Department of, 16, 51, 76, 122-123 American Association for Laboratory Accreditation, 87 American Council of Independent Laboratories, 72, 74 American Dental Association, 75 American Gas Association, 36, 70, 74 American National Standards Institute, 73 evolution, 39 finances, 39, 49, 64 n.107 government members, 60, 159 government relations, 45-46 international activities, 46, 119, 178 membership, 39 in public-private standardization effort, 59-60 publishing activity, 40-44 recommendations for, 4, 159-160 role of, 23-24, 35, 39, 40, 60-61, 179 standards development procedures, 33 34, 45 structure, 39-40 American Society for Testing and Materials, 34, 38, 47, 55-56, 96 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 28, 29, 37, 47, 75

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From page 230...

... agreements, 130 132 function, 72-73 government programs, 51, 75-77 intensity of, 73 international harmonization, 106, 118 119 opportunities for improvement, 76-77 INDEX organizations for, 36 private-sector programs, 73-75 revenue, 73 testing and, 73-74 Certification mark, 17, 73, 207 Commerce, Department of, 10, 16, 51, 123 Commercial transactions differentiation vs. standardization, 15 quality system registration in, 77 role of conformity assessment, 17, 66, 68-70 role of standards, 11, 14-15, 19 Communications and information technology industry, 31-32, 181-183 challenges to consensus standardization, 44-45 federal standards development, 51 international standardization, 46, 47 role of compatibility standards, 15, 18 Compatibility standards, 18 challenges to development, 44-45 definition, 205 incentives for adoption, 15, 31-32 Competition in development of de facto standards, 24, 31-32 global, 1-2 standards development and, 14-15 Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, 34, 37-38 Conformity assessment accreditation services in, 17, 68, 80 Asian-U.S.

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From page 231...

... Edwards, 16, 77 Documentation international assistance programs, 146147 quality assurance, 78 Drinking water quality, 74 Due process, 35, 44, 45 E Economies of scale, 14, 15, 30, 105, 106 Employment rate, international trade and, 20, 105 Engineering services, 72 Environmental Protection Agency, 49-51, 96 Environmental standards, 10, 16-17, 208 conformity assessment framework for, 69 government certification programs, 76 international efforts, 164 ETL Testing Laboratories, 74 European Commission for Electrotechnical Standardization, 127-129 European Commission for Standardization, 127-129 European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 127-129 European Union mutual recognition agreement negotiations, 130-134, 147, 160-161 quality system registration trends, 77, 80 recommendations, 5, 161 standards and conformity assessment mechanisms, 32, 127-130, 171-172, 175-176

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From page 232...

... representation, 122 General Services Administration, 49, 80 Germany, 32 Great Britain, 32 Growth hormone regulation, 109 H Health and safety standards conformity assessment framework for, 69-70 drinking water treatment, 74 government certification programs, 76 government production, 49 historical development, 29-30 role of, 10, 16 role of government, 20 voluntary consensus development, 5657 Health care industry, 38 international standardization, 47, 179180

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From page 233...

... export markets, 108 112 benefits, 169-171 cost of trade barriers, 107-108 dispute resolution mechanisms, 120-121 GATT agreements, 112-113, 117-121 233 Indonesian policy development, 141 144 intellectual property rights and, 151 n.57 mutual recognition agreements in, 126 ongoing analytical activities, 6-7, 163 164 recommendations, 4-6, 160-162 regulatory trends, 103, 107 retaliatory actions, 5, 124-125, 161 role of standards and conformity assessment in, 1-2, 18, 20, 47, 105, 106 Section 301 provisions, 124-125, 148 standards and conformity assessment as barriers to, 108, 120-121, 171-174 trends, 147, 174-175 U.S. competitiveness in, 1-2 U.S.

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From page 234...

... export promotion policy, 140-144 Memorandum of understanding, 59-60 MET Electrical Testing Company, 74 Microsoft Corporation, 31, 32 Model T 15 INDEX MS-DOS operating system, 31, 32 Multinational firms, 105 Mutual recognition agreements benefits, 4-5, 119 definition, 207 European Union negotiations, 130-134, 147, 160-161 national network, 5, 156-157 priority regions, 134-140, 147, 161 recommendations for, 5, 161 role of, 98, 134, 161 N National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program, 81 National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, 74 National Center for Standards and Certification Information, 54 National Conference on Weights and Measures, 54, 75 National Conformity Assessment System Recognition, 2-3, 155, 156 National Economic Council, 122 National Electrical Code, 25, 39, 40 National Fire Prevention Association, 25, 38-39, 40 National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration, 16, 76 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 10, 45 data collection and management, 6-7, 54, 163-164 in dissemination of standards and conformity assessment, 6, 163 Fastener Quality Act, 97, 98 finances, 52, 53 international technical assistance efforts, 5-6, 144-147, 162 National Conference on Weights and Measures, 75 recognition programs, 97-98 recommendations for, 2-4, 5-7, 155156, 157, 158-159, 162, 163-164 role of, 51, 52, 57-59, 178

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From page 235...

... INDEX United States Trade Representative and, 54, 123 in voluntary consensus standardization, Patents 52-54 certification marks, 73 National Standards Systems Network, 45 development of consensus standards National Trade Data Bank, 123 and, 32-33 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, 108-109 National Voluntary Conformity Assessment System Evaluation, 97 98, 132-133, 156 National Volunteer Laboratory Accredita tion Program, 81-87, 96, 178 Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory program, 96, 157 Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 55-56 Network compatibility standards, 31-32 North American Free Trade Agreement, 126, 170 NSF International, 36, 74 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 79 o Obsolete standards, 28-29 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 16, 72, 81, 157 OMB Circular A-119 effectiveness, 57, 158 policy, 55, 56 recommendations, 3, 158 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 108 Organizations for standards development consortia for, 36, 39, 45, 182-183 government funding, 60 industry associations, 37-38 international, 46-47 membership organizations, 38-39 number of standards produced by, 26 private U.S., number of, 33, 36 professional societies for, 36-37 structure and process, 33-35, 60-61 types of, 26, 33, 36 voluntary consensus-building, 23 see also specific organizations 235 p international agreements, 151 n.57 technology diffusion and, 14 Performance standards definition, 206 in OMB Circular A- 119, 55 Pharmaceutical industry, 69 Private sector accreditation programs, 81, 87 certification programs, 73-75 in conformity assessment, recommendations for, 2-3, 4, 155, 158-160 consumption of independent testing services, 72 economic rationale for consensus standardization, 30-33 government recognition of accreditation services, 97-99 government standards development in, 16 international recognition of accreditation services, 119-120, 173 in international technical assistance, 5 6, 146, 162 number of standards in, 19, 26-28 obsolete standards, 29 public-private cooperation in standards development, 57-60, 61, 157-159, 178-179 standards development mechanisms, 23-24, 25-26 in U.S. international trade policy formulation, 124 see also Voluntary consensus standards Process management, 15-16 Process-oriented regulations, 16 Procurement consensus standards for, 55-56 Defense Department, 55, 176-177 federal certification programs for, 76 standards for, 11, 20, 25, 48

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From page 236...

... testing, 73 definition, 9, 27, 205 estimated number, 19, 26-28 evaluation of effectiveness of, 10-11, 18-19 excess of, 15 function, 9, 10, 11-17, 65 obsolete, 28-29 for professional certification, 28 quality system registration and, 78 variability in influence of, 28 Standards and conformity assessment system data collection and analysis, 54 European mechanisms, 32, 127- 130, 171-172, 175-176 evaluation criteria, 18-19, 29 GATT agreements, 112-113, 117-121 in Indonesia, 141-144 international trade and, 20-21, 105, 147, 153 international trends, 174-175 as non-tariff trade barrier, 108, 120 121, 171-174 role in government, 20 role of government, 179-181 U.S. economic performance and, 1-2 See also Conformity assessment; Standards; Standards development Standards development accreditation, 40

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From page 237...

... INDEX canvass method, 42-44 conformity assessment and, 17, 65 current inadequacies, 3, 157-158 economic influence, 18-19 federal government in, 55 good qualities, 3, 61, 157 historical evolution, 29-30 international forums for, 46-47 international technical assistance, 5-6, 21, 104, 141, 143-147, 162 market forces in, 30-33 mechanisms, 9-10, 23-26, 60-61 opportunities for improvement, 61 as public good, 16-17, 31 public-private cooperation, 3-4, 57-60, 61, 157-160 recommendations, 3-4, 157-160 sector diversity, 18, 25, 45 technology for, 45 See also Organizations for standards development State, Department of, 123 State and local government accreditation programs, 81 consumption of testing services, 72 multiple accreditations, 87, 96, 98-99, 154 number of standards, 29 product certification, 75 for protection of public welfare, 16-17 recommendations for, 3, 156-157 standards development, 25, 51-52 Strategic standardization management, 14 T Technical advisory groups, 36, 46 Technology diffusion challenges to standardization, 44-45 role of standards in, 11-14 Telecommunications industry, 15, 31, 46, 47, 51, 181-182 Testing accreditation, 80-81 certification and, 73-74 in conformity assessment system, 17, 66 237 consumers of services, 72 definition, 72 European-U.S. agreements, 130-132 industry revenue, 118 international harmonization, 106, 118 119 national trends, 71-72 organizations for, 36 potential savings in reform of, 154-155 Timeline European Union mutual recognition agreement, 161-162 private-sector conformity assessment, 3, 155, 156 standardization of accreditation criteria, 3, 156, 157 Total quality management, 78 Trade Act of 1974, 5, 122, 124-125, 161 Treasury, Department of, 123 Truth in advertising, 68 Typewriter keyboard, 24 U Underwriters Laboratories, 17, 36, 66, 70, 74 United States consensus standards development in, 32, 33 economic performance, 1-2 evolution of conformity assessment system, 65-66 evolution of standards development, 2930 export promotion policy, 140-144 international standardization activities, 46-47 international technical assistance efforts, 5-6, 21, 104, 141, 143-147, 162 international trade and domestic economy, 20, 103, 104-105, 133-134, 160, 169-171 priority trading partners, 134-140 standards and conformity assessment system, evaluation of, 18-19 trade barriers in, 133-134

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From page 238...

... 238 trade barriers to, 108- 112 trade policy goals, 147-148 trade policy mechanisms, 121-124 See also Federal government; State and local government United States Testing Company, 74 United States Trade Representative interagency coordination, 123-124 NIST and, 54, 123 organizational structure, 122-123 private-sector advisory mechanisms, 124 recommendations for, 5, 6-7, 160, 161, 163, 164 responsibility and authority, 121-122 Section 301 authority, 5, 124-125, 161 Voluntary consensus standards ANSI role, 39 challenges to development, 44-45 definition, 23, 206 development processes, 33-35 due process in development of, 35, 44, 45 INDEX economic rationale, 30-33 federal use of, 54-57, 157-158 influence of, 28 mandatory standards overlap, 9-10, 25, 48-49 NIST in development of, 52-54 number of, 26 public-private cooperation in, 57-60, 61 role of consensus in, 34 for safety, 56-57 sources of, 23, 33 technology development and response time of, 44-45 W Weights and measures, 51, 75, 157 Whitney, Eli, 14 Wood products, 125 World Trade Organization, 7, 21, 103, 113, 164 standing of nongovernmental organizations, 119-120

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Index Pages 229-238

Index
Pages 229-238