Measuring and Improving Infrastructure Performance (1996) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-20
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From page 1... ...
Yet current practices for measuring performance are largely inadequate to respond to this management task. Responsibility for these valuable assets is primarily a local matter, with some 80 percent of the annual investment in infrastructure coming from local and state government sources or private enterprises.
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This study's systemwide approach, that is, looking across infrastructure modes (water, transportation, wastewater, solid wastes) to define performance in an urban region, runs counter to the typical institutional structure of infrastructure.
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The performance assessment process by which objectives are defined, specific measures specified and conflicts among criteria reconciled is crucial. It is through this process that community values are articulated and decisions made about infrastructure development and management.
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Such a selfassessment could be conducted within the context of a specific infrastructure management problem or as a generic review, but it necessarily will involve time, money, and a concerted effort to motivate active community involvement with open, candid discussion. The assessment should conclude with explicit recommendations of institutional change that may be needed to enable a systemwide approach to management of infrastrucb~re performance.
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Paul illustrated that institutional setting is crucial, that a variety of institutional structures are possible, and that changes can be made when change is warranted. The committee believes that in many areas institutional change may be needed over the longer term to permit the truly multijurisdictional and multimodal infrastructure management that will enable infrastructure systems to achieve their best performance.
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The committee nevertheless found that performancc the degree to which infrastructure provides the services that the community expects of that infrastructure may be defined as a function of effectiveness, reliability, and cost. Infrastructure that reliably meets or exceeds community expectations' at an acceptably low cost, is performing well.
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This inventory involves the use of databases of the types typically maintained by municipal and regional plauriing agencies, departments of transportation, water utilities, and sewer authorities. Few areas have brought these typically distinct databases together into a comprehensive resource that will support effective performance assessment.
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capacity · System cost Replacement cost (construction) Annual O&M expenditures · Political jurisdictions · Formal institutions · Informal, community structure · Political jurisdictions - System ownership - Pricing authority - Funding and taxing arrangements Formal institutions - Construction - Operations - ~termodal coordination Informal, community structure - Ridership Advocacy groups (e.g., bicycle, pedestrian)
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· System size - Number of collection vehicles Number of collection, transfer, disposal sites, facilities Landfill design capacity Labor force · Condition Incinerator age Landfill percent of design capacity Haul distance · System cost Replacement cost (construction) Annual 08~ expenditures · Political jurisdictions System ownership Service area Rate setting, financing Receiving waters - Disposal sites · Formal institutions Construction Operations Maintenance Regulatory authorities · ~formal, community structure - Major producers (e.g., industrial concerns)
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Rising public concerns led eventually to passage of federal legislation that imposed emissions restrictions on vehicles, set ambient air quality standards, and 11
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cot l ~ ~ ~ ·3 .e .
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Engineering safety factors b. Percentage contingency allowances c.
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Multiple criteria decision making, risk analysis, and discounted cash flow analysis are examples of such techniques. A key to Me successful application of a multiple objective analysis lies in early and frequent involvement of all stakeholders.
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In many areas of the United States, regional agencies, special-purpose authorities and districts, joint power agreements, and other voluntary or legislatively defined arrangements have been used to provide for regional and cooperative approaches. In addition, federal and state legislation for funding infrastructure often requires multijurisdictional cooperation and involvement, as well as broad public involvement, as a condition for funding eligibility.
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