Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers (1995) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
B STATISTICS ON GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
B STATISTICS ON GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
Pages 97-138
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 97... ...
. B STATISTICS ON GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS Michael McGeary Study Director, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy Contents OVERVIEW THE GRADUATE STUDENTS Tables: B-1 Distribution of Science and Engineering Graduate Students, by Field, 1992 B-2 Distribution of US and Non-US Students, by Broad Field, 1992 B-3 B-4 B-5 Female Science and Engineering Graduate Students, by Broad Field, 1992 Members of Underrepresented Minorities, by Broad Field, 1992 Increase in Full-T~me Graduate Enrollment, by Field and Citizenship, 1982-1992 B-6 Trends in First-Year and Beyond-First-Year Full-Time Enrollments in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, 1982-1992 B-7 Sources of Major Support for Full-T~me Science and Engineering Graduate Students in All Institutions, by Field, 1992 B-8 Sources of Major Support for Full-T~me Science and Engineering Graduate Students, 1982 and 1992 B-9 Federal Sources of Support for Full-Tune Science and Engineering Graduate Students in All Institutions, by Field and Agency, 1992 97 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
|
From page 98... ...
98 RESHAPING THE GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS B-10 Mechanisms of Major Support for Full-Tune Science and Engineering Graduate Students in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, 1991 B-~l Science and Engineering Graduate Students in Master's Degree Institutions ant] Doctorate Institutions, by Enrollment Status and Field, 1992 THE INSTITUTIONS Tables: B-12 Number of Academic Institutions with Science and Engineering Programs, by Highest Degree Level, 1991 B-13 Concentration of Science and Engineering Degree Awards by Type of Institution, 1991 B-14 Concentration of 80 Percent of Science and Engineering PhD Production in the 105 Research Universities, by Field, 1991 B-15 Number of Institutions by Highest Degree Level Since 1961, by Decade SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MASTER'S DEGREES Tables: B-16 B-17 Science and Engineering Master's Degrees, Awarded by Field, 1966-1991 Women as Percentage of Science and Engineering Master's Degree Recipients, by Field, 1991 B-~8 Members of Underrepresented Minorities as Percentage of-Science and Engineering Master's Degree Recipients, by Field, 1977-1991 B-19 Science and Engineering Master's Degrees Earned by Students Who Were Not US Citizens, by Field, 1977, 1985, and 1991 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DOCTORAL DEGREES Tables: B-20 B-21 Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded, by Field, 1983-1993 Increases in Number of Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded, by Field, 1988-1993 B-22 Women as a Percentage of Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients, by Field, 1983-1993 B-23 Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded to Women, by Field, 1983 and 1993 B-24 Members of Underrepresented Minorities as a Percentage of Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients, by Field, 1983, 198S, and 1993 110 111 ..o 112 113 114 114 115 115 116 117 118 119 119 120 121 122 123
|
From page 99... ...
STATISTICS ONGRAD[JATEFOllCAT7ONOF.~.£T~A~PNaTrNPPR.9 99 B-25 Share of Science and Engineering Doctorates Earned by Students Who Were Not US Citizens, by Field, 1983 and 1993 B-26 Increase in Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded to Non-US Citizens with Temporary Visas, by Field, 1983 and 1993 B-27 Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded to Non-US Citizens with Temporary Visas, by Field, 1983 and 1993 B-28 Region and Country of Origin of Foreign Citizens with Temporary Visas Earning Science and Engineering PhDs, 1983 and 1993 B-29 Median Total Time-to-Degree for Doctorate Recipients, 1962-1993 B-30 Primary Sources of Support for Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field, 1993 POSTDOCTORATE EMPLOYMENT PLANS 124 125 126 127 128 131 131 Table: B-31 Science and Engineering PhD Recipients with Definite Postgraduation Commitments in the United States, by Field and Type of Employer, 1970-1991 132 POSTDOCTORAL STUDY TRENDS Tables: B-32 Postdoctoral Study Plans of Recipients of Science and Engineering Doctorates from US Universities, 1985-1992 B-33 Postdoctoral Study Plans of Recipients of Science and Engineering Doctorates from US Universities, by Field, 1992 B-34 Science and Engineering Postdoctoral Appointees in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, by Field, 1982-1992 B-35 Trends in Net Growth of Science and Engineering Postdoctoral Appointee Positions in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, by Field, 1982 and 1992 B-36 Appointments of Postdoctoral Scientists and Engineers Who Were Not US Citizens in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, by Field, 1982 and 1992 B-37 Federally Supported Science and Engineering Postdoctoral Appointees in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, by Field, 1982 and 1992 Sources of Support for Science and Engineering Postdoctoral Appointees in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, by Field, 1992 B-38 133 133 133 134 135 136 137 138
|
From page 100... ...
Foreign citizens with temporary visas greatly increased their share of US doctorates, earning IS.5% in 1983 and 32% in 1993; almost all the net increase was accounted for by citizens of Asian countries. Nearly half of the engineering PhDs .
|
From page 101... ...
(NRC, l995: Appendix Table Am. Table B-1, a comparison of the distribution of science and engineering graduate students among fields by type of institution and enrollment status shows that life-sciences graduate students were somewhat more likely than science and engineering graduate students overall to be at doctorate institutions and to be enrolled full-hme.
|
From page 102... ...
As a result, those who were not US citizens constituted relatively high proportions in some fields 46% of all full-hme graduate students in engineering and 39% of those in the physical/mathematic sciences but low proportions in other fields 27 % of all full-t~me graduate students in the life sciences and 17% of those in the social/behavioral sciences or psychology. TABLE B-2 Distribution of US and Non-US Citizens, by Broad Field, 1992 Field Full-Tune Science and Engineering Graduate Student All Institutions US Citizen Non-US Citizen TOTAL 198,198 (100.0%)
|
From page 103... ...
TABLE B-3 Female Science and Engineering Graduate Students, by Broad FielcI, 1992 Percentage Distribution Percentage of Field Number Across Fields All Graduate Students TOTAL 150,411 100.0 34.8 Physical/ mathematical sciences 2S,719 19. ~ 26.6 Life sciences 29,223 19.4 44.2 Social/behavioral sciences 75,311 50.1 53.9 Engineering 17,158 1 ~ .4 14.5 SOURCE: Calculated from Table ~ in NSF, 1994a.
|
From page 104... ...
Members of underrepresented minorities constituted 13 % of US citizens in the social/behavioral sciences and about 7% of those in the other broad fields (see Table B-41. TABLE B-4 Members of Underrepresentec!
|
From page 105... ...
Are the recent large increases in first-year enrollments the result of reports in the middle to late 1980s of impending shortfalls in the number of PhDs or the tendency of more college graduates to go to graduate school when economic conditions are poor? Also, how much of the higher rate of growth among beyond-first-year graduate students until recently was simply the manifestation of the steadily increasing degree requirements among science and engineering PhDs, and how much was due to graduate students' deliberately delaying completion of their degrees as short-term responses to poor job-market prospects?
|
From page 106... ...
Although on the average 20% of full-time science and engineering graduate students received their major support from a federal source, this was the largest source of support for 32% of graduate students in biology and nearly 36% of graduate students in the physical sciences. Only 7% of graduate students in the social or behavioral sciences and 10% of those in the mathematical sciences were supported primarily by federal funds.
|
From page 107... ...
Federal tional US Foreign Self TOTAL 290,993 20.0% 41.3% 6.9% 2.1% 29.7% Physical/ mathematical sciences 74ql60 25.0% 47.0% 5.~% 1.6% 20.6% Physical sciences 30,730 35.7% 50.0% 7.0% 1.1% 6.4% Mathematical sciences 14,663 10.2% 65.1 % 2.4% 2.0% 20.3 % Environmental sciences 11,150 30.9% 39.2% 7.1% 2.2% 20.6% Computer sciences 17,617 15.0% 31.7% 5.9% 1.~% 45.6% Life sciences 53 798 31.~% 43.4% 7.9% 2.3% 14.5% Agricultural sciences 9,280 21.1% 38.7% 11.5% 6.2% 22.5% Biological sciences 44,518 34.0% 44.4% 7.2% 1.5% 12.9% Social/behavioral sciences SS,569 7.0% 42.0% 3.5% 1.7% 45.7% Social sciences 54,183 6.3% 45.0% 3.7% 2.7% 42.3% Psychology 34,386 8.1 % 37.4% 3.2% 0.2% 51.1 % Engineering 74 466 22.1% 33.3% 11.4% 2.7% 30.5% SOURCE: Calculated from Table 11 in NSF, 1994a.
|
From page 108... ...
Almost one-third of the graduate students in physical sciences who receive their major support from federal sources are funded by NSF. Overall, NSF supports more than a one-fifth of the federally funded graduate students.
|
From page 109... ...
Graduate students in the some of the physical sciences and the life sciences were more likely to be research associates; those in the mathematical sciences and
|
From page 110... ...
TABLE B-10 Mechanisms of Major Support for Full-Time Science and Engineering Graduate Students in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, 1991 Research Teaching Other Total Fellow- Trainee- Assistant- Assistant- Types of Field No. ships ships ships ships Support TOTAL 259,484 9.6% 3.9% 30.4% 23.3% 32.8% Physical/ mathematical sciences 67~352 8.6% I.~% 31.0% 36.3% 22.3% Physical sciences 29,364 9.1 % 2.6% 41.0% 38.9% 8.4% Mathematical sciences 13,525 9.9% ~ .6% 9.4% 55.2% 23.9% Environmental sciences 9,880 9.~% 0.9% 42.5% 22.9% 24.5% Computer sciences 14,583 5.~% 0.~% 23.3% 22.6% 47.5% Life sciences 50.075 10.3% 10.3% 42.6% IS.~% IS.6% Agricultural sciences 8,793 4.9% 0.9% 55.4% 9.0% 29.9% Biological sciences 41,282 Il.5% 12.3% 39.9% 20.~% 16.2% Social/behavioral sciences 73~132 Il.3% 3.~% 14.0% 21.9% 49.0% Social sciences 47,080 14.0% 3.4% 13.5% 22.7% 46.3% Psychology 26,052 6.4 % 4.4 % 14.8 % 20.5 % 53.8 % Engineering 68~925 S.~% I.6% 38.4% 15.9% 36.0% SOURCE: Calculated from Tables C-19 and C-20 in NSF, 1993a.
|
From page 111... ...
TABLE Bell Science and Engineering Graduate Students in Master's Degree Institutions and Doctorate Institutions, by Enrollment Status and Field, 1992 Master' s-Granting Institution Doctorate-Granting Institution All Students Full-Time All Students Full-Time Field TOTAL 56,832 20,009 374,781 270,984 Physical/ mathematical sciences Physical sciences Mathematical sciences Environmental sciences Computer sciences Life sciences A~ricul~ra] sciences 3q369 (24%)
|
From page 112... ...
Table B-12 shows how many institutions were in each category in 1991. TABLE B-12 Number of Academic Institutions with Science and Engineering Programs, by Highest Degree Level, 1991 Carnegie Foundation Science and Engineering Program Category Bachelor's Master's Doctorate TOTAL 1,448 738 299 Research ~ 67 68 71 Research I]
|
From page 113... ...
: nearly two-thirds of the science and engineering PhDs awarded in 1991 came from the 71 Research I universities, four-fifths from the 105 Research ~ and IT universities; and nine-tenths from the 153 Research ~ and IT and Doctorate ~ universities. The same set of 153 universities also receives 90% of all academic R&D funding (NSB, 1993:40; Appendix Table 2-51.
|
From page 114... ...
This concentration of PhD production differs some by broad field, although the 71 Research I institutions accounted for at least the majority of PhDs granted in each. TABLE B-14 Concentration of 80 Percent of Science ant!
|
From page 115... ...
7.604 9~223 9.107 8.027 7.406 (9.5%) Agricultural sciences 1,641 1,848 2,602 3,092 2,983 2,600 Biological sciences 4,224 5,756 6,621 6,015 5,044 4,806 Social/behavioral sciences 11~514 (28.0%)
|
From page 116... ...
TABLE B-17 Women as Percentage of Science and Engineering Master's-Degree Recipients, by Field, 1991 Field 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 TOTAL 13.3 18.3 23.1 29.3 32.3 35.6 Physical/ mathematical sciences 15.5 19.3 21.1 24.3 29.0 31.3 Physical sciences 11.4 14.4 15.6 20.1 25.0 28.4 Math/computer sciences 20.3 24.9 26.1 27.2 31.4 32.8 Environmental sciences 6.1 9.5 13.9 21.6 23.1 25.6 Life sciences 20.8 27.1 26.8 33.4 41.7 46.3 Agricultural sciences 4.4 6.2 14.1 22.8 31.2 36.2 Biological sciences 27.2 33.8 31.8 38.9 47.9 51.8 Social/behavioral sciences 22.8 28.7 34.0 43.2 48.9 53.7 Social sciences 20.2 26.2 29.0 36.8 41.2 45.6 Psychology 32.9 37.2 46.7 58.1 64.9 69.5 Engineering 0.6 1.1 3.5 8.1 1 ~ .4 14.0 SOURCE: Calculated from Table 18 in NSF, 1994b.
|
From page 117... ...
has increased slowly in the natural sciences and engineering, offset by declines in psychology and the social sciences, fields that traditionally have registered the largest shares of underrepresented minorities. TABLE B-18 Members of Underrepresented Minorities as Percentage of Science and Engineering Master's Degree Recipients, by Field, 1977-1991 Field 1977 1981 1987 1991 TOTAL 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.3 Physical/ mathematical sciences 4.1 3.7 4.0 4 Physical/ environmental sciences 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.4 Mathematical/ computer sciences 5.1 4.5 4.1 5.3 Life sciences 4.2 4 4 5.4 5.3 Agricultural sciences 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.1 Biological sciences 4.6 4.8 6.1 6.0 Social/ behavioral sciences 11.3 11.1 10.2 11.1 Social sciences 11.6 11.7 10.S 11.7 Psychology 10.3 8.4 8.4 9.1 Engineering 3.2 3.4 4.5 3.9 SOURCE: Calculated from Table 4 in NSF, 1994c.
|
From page 118... ...
% No. % TOTAL 8,282 9.9 13,256 16.3 18,013 19.5 Physical/ mathematical sciences lq392 11.8 3q492 22.1 S.382 29.5 Physical/ environmental sciences 656 12.3 1,098 18.9 1,504 28.5 Mathematical/ computer sciences 736 11.3 2,394 24.0 3,878 29.9 Life sciences lql41 10.5 lqO80 13.1 lq352 18.2 Agricultural sciences 664 17.8 606 19.2 603 23.0 Biological sciences 477 6.7 474 9.3 749 15.6 Social/ behavioral sciences 2q204 5.0 2q866 8.0 3q583 8.7 Social sciences 2,033 5.6 2,570 9.5 3,270 10.3 Psychology 171 2.1 296 3.5 317 3.2 Engineering 3~545 21.8 Sq818 26.7 7q692 30.5 SOURCE: Calculated from Table 4 in NSF, 1994g.
|
From page 119... ...
. ~ _ _ TABLE B-20 Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded, by Field, 1983-1993 Field 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 TOTAL 18,393 18,514 18,713 19,253 19,710 20,748 21,534 22,688 23,787 24,454 25,184 Physical/ mathematical sciences 4 426 4,452 4,531 4,807 5,030 5.309 5~455 5 859 6.279 6.502 6.496 Physics/Astronomy 1,043 1,080 1,080 1,187 1,237 1,302 1,274 1,393 1,411 1,537 1,543 Chemistry 1,759 1,765 1,836 1,903 1,975 2,015 1,970 2,100 2,193 2,214 2,139 Mathematics 701 698 688 729 740 749 859 892 1,039 1,058 1,146 Computer/ infonnation sciences 286 295 310 399 450 515 612 705 800 869 878 Environmental sciences 637 614 617 589 628 728 740 769 836 824 790 Life sciences 4.756 4.877 4.904 4.804 4.815 5,127 5,203 5.503 5.719 5.861 6,059 Agnculn~ral sciences 1,015 997 1,111 997 976 1,015 1,088 1,176 1,074 1,063 969 Biological sciences 3,741 3,880 3,793 3,807 3,839 4,112 4,115 4,327 4,645 4,798 5,090 Social/ behavioral sciences 6.430 6.272 6.112 6,266 6.153 6.125 6.333 6.432 6.574 6.652 6.933 Social sciences 3,083 3,015 2,994 3,140 2,980 3,051 3,125 3,150 3,324 3,388 3,514 Psychology 3,347 3,257 3,118 3,126 3,173 3,074 3,208 3,282 3,250 3,264 3,419 Engineenng 2,781 2.913 3.166 3.376 3.712 4.187 4.543 4.894 5 215 5 439 5 69ch SOURCE: Calculated from Table 1 in NSF, 1994b.
|
From page 120... ...
20 RESHAPING THE GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS TABLE B-21 Increases in Numbers of Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded, by Field, 1988-1993 F:~ Increase No 1988 1993 TOTAL 20~748 25,184 4,436 21.4% Physical/ mathematical sciences 5~309 6~496 1~187 22.4 Physics/Astronomy 1,302 1,543 241 18.5 Chemistry 2,015 2,139 124 6.2 Mathematics 749 1,146 397 53.0 Computer sciences 515 878 363 70.5 Environmental sciences 728 790 62 8.5 Life sciences 5~127 6~059 932 18.2 Agricultural sciences 1,015 969 -46 -4.5 Biological sciences 4,112 5,090 978 23.8 Social/behavioral sciences 6 125 6.933 808 13.2 Social sciences 3,051 3,514 463 15.2 Psychology 3,074 3,419 345 11.2 Engineering 4.187 5~696 1.509 36.0 SOURCE: Calculated from Table 1 in NSF, 1994f.
|
From page 121... ...
They varied from field to field (see Table B221. TABLE B-22 Women as a Percentage of Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients, by Field, 1983-1993 Field 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 TOTAL 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.9 27.8 28.7 28.6 29.9 Physical/ mathematical sciences 13.9 Physics/Astronomy 7.1 Chemistry 16.9 Mathematics 16.1 Computer sciences 12.6 Environmental sciences 15.2 Life sciences Agricultural sciences Biological sciences Social/ behavioral sciences Social sciences Psychology .
|
From page 122... ...
122 RESHAPING THE GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS TABLE B-23 Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded to Women, by Field, 1983 and 1993 1983 1993 Field Number Percentage Number Percentage TOTAL 4,624 100.0 7,537 100.0 Physical/ mathematical sciences 617 13.3 ~ 344 17.S Physics/astronomy 74 1.6 194 2.6 Chemistry 297 6.4 585 7. Mathematics 113 2.4 264 3.5 Computer sciences 36 0.8 137 1.S Environmental sciences 97 2.1 164 2.2 Life sciences 1~366 29.5 2~278 30.2 Agricultural sciences 133 2.9 228 3.0 Biological sciences 1,233 26.7 2,050 27.2 Social/behavioral sciences 2,517 54.4 3~394 45.0 Social sciences 920 19.9 1,305 17.3 Psychology 1,597 34.5 2,089 27.7 Engineering 124 2.7 521 6.9 SOURCE: Calculated from Table 2 in NSF, 1994f.
|
From page 123... ...
TABLE B-24 Members of Underrepresented Minorities as a Percentage of Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients, by Field, 1983, 198S, and 1993 1983 1988 1993 Field No. Percentage No.
|
From page 124... ...
TABLE B-25 Share of Science and Engineering Doctorates Earned by Students Who Were Not US Citizens, by Field, 1983 and 1993 1983 Doctorates Awarded 1993 Doctorates Awarded All Temporary Visa All No. Percentage Field Temporary Visa No.
|
From page 125... ...
Percentage TOTAL 3,400 8,087 4,687 137.9 Physical/ mathematical sciences 926 2~363 lq437 155.2 Physics/astronomy 256 583 327 127.7 Chemistry 283 674 391 138.2 Mathematics 209 517 308 147.4 Computer sciences 72 349 277 384.7 Environmental sciences 106 240 134 126.4 Life sciences 629 1~694 1~065 169.3 Agricultural sciences 307 448 141 45.9 Biological sciences 322 1,246 924 287.0 Social/ behavioral sciences 675 247 572 84.7 Social sciences 596 1,099 503 84.4 Psychology 79 148 69 87.3 Engineering 1~170 2~783 1 613 137.9 SOURCE: Calculated from Table 4 in NSF, 1994f. Table B-27 shows the distribution of foreign citizens with temporary visas, by field.
|
From page 126... ...
.. TABLE B-27 Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded to Non-US Citizens with Temporary Visas, by Field, 1983 and 1993 Field 1983 1993 TOTAL 3,400 8,087 Physical/mathematical sciences 27.2% Physics/astronomy 7.5% Chemistry 8.3% Mathematics 6.1 % Computer sciences Environmental sciences Life sciences 29.2% 7.2% 8.3% 6.4% 4.3% 3.0% 20.9% 2.1% 3.1% 18.5% Agricultural sciences 9.0% 5.5 % Biological sciences 9.5 % 15.4% Social/behavioral sciences 19.9% 15.4% Social sciences 17.5 % 13.6% Psychology 2.3 % I.8% Engineering 34.4% 34.1 % SOURCE: Calculated from Table 4 in NSF, 1994f.
|
From page 127... ...
Nearly all this increase was accounted for by students from the People's Republic of China, who increased their share from near zero in 1982 to 22% of all the science and engineering PhDs earned by temporary-visa holders in 1992. TABLE B-28 Region and Country of Origin of Foreign Citizens with Temporary Visas Earning Science and Engineering PhDs, 1983 and 1993 Country 1983 1993 TOTAL 3,400 (100.0%)
|
From page 128... ...
TABLE B-29 Median Total Time-to-Degree for Doctorate Recipients, 1962-1993 (selected years) Field 1962 1967 1~ ~ All fields (including humanities)
|
From page 129... ...
As for negative consequences, the following have been mentioned (Tuckman, et al. 19901: · The increasing time spent in graduate school increases the time it takes for the supply of PhDs to respond to shifts in market demand, and that has both social and individual costs (if demand goes up, there are not enough qualified people; if it falls, highly capable people cannot be employed in their field of training)
|
From page 130... ...
According to Bowen and Rudenstine, having outside aid does improve completion and TTD rates. The form of the aid fellowships, research assistantships, or teaching assistantships—might have little independent effect.
|
From page 131... ...
SOURCE: Calculated from Table Il in NRC, 1995. POSTDOCTORATE EMPLOYMENT PLANS According to the SED, among new science and engineering PhDs who had definite postgraduation plans, the percentage planning to work in academe (college or university)
|
From page 132... ...
132 RESHAPING THE GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS TABLE B-31 Science and Engineering PhD Recipients with Definite Postgraduation Connnitments in the United States, by Field and Type of Employer, 1970-1991 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 Field No. Percentage No.
|
From page 133... ...
STATISTICS ON GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 133 POSTDOCTORAL STUDY TRENDS TABLE B-32 Postdoctoral Study Plans of Recipients of Science and Engineering Doctorates from US Universities, 1985-1992 PhD Recipients 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 TOTAL 19,164 20,203 21,411 22,294 23,440 24,543 25,248 Postdoctoral plans 5,941 6,728 7,216 7,268 8,087 8,811 9,316 Fellowship 49.0% 48.0% 48.7% 49.7% 49.0% 49.9% 50.7% Research associate 41.3% 42.9% 43.0% 40.5% 41.7% 41.5% 41.2% Traineeship 4.5% 3.6% 3.9% 4.0% 4.1% 3.9% 3.3% Other 5.2% 5.1% 4.4% 5.5% 4.9% 5.0% 5.1% SOURCE: Calculated from Appendix Table A-3 in NRC, 1993. TABLE B-33 Postdoctoral Study Plans of Recipients of Science and Engineering Doctorates from US Universities, by Field, 1992 Total Physical Engi- Life Social Science and PhD Recipients Sciences peering Sciences Sciences Engineering TOTAL 6,498 5,437 7,108 6,205 25,248 Postdoctoral plans 3,022 1,202 4,066 1,036 9,316 Fellowship 53.1% 34.4% 57.5% 64.7% 50.7% Research associate 42.~% 58.8% 32.3% 19.2% 41.2% Traineeship 2.2% 4.1 % 2.6% 9.6% 3.3% Other 1.9% 3.2% 7.7% 6.6% 5.1% SOURCE: Calculated from Appendix Table A-3 in NRC, 1993.
|
From page 134... ...
134 RESHAPING THE GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS TABLE B-34 Science and Engineering Postdoctoral Appointees in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, by Field, 1982-1992 Field 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 All Science and Engineering 14,672 15,657 16,168 16,920 17,901 18,760 19,759 20,962 21,604 23,018 24,024 Science, Total 13,694 14,556 14,974 15,573 16,505 17,319 18,075 19,054 19,661 20,781 21,680 Physical sciences 4,281 4,444 4,386 4,517 4,843 4,953 5,187 5,355 5,507 5,623 5,772 Physics 1,326 1,350 1,320 1,342 1,527 1,548 1,578 1,678 1,715 1,763 1,954 Chemistry 2,805 2,973 2,906 2,995 3,151 3,246 3,429 3,462 3,580 3,627 3,573 Environmental sciences 335 415 488 375 417 420 499 459 605 645 709 Mathematical sciences 194 170 203 226 201 228 280 223 247 206 201 Computer sciences 46 82 63 74 74 100 91 78 71 157 149 Agricultural sciences 279 307 375 373 409 441 454 512 529 574 634 Biological sciences 7,756 8,355 8,707 9,164 9,722 10,346 10,752 11,518 11,799 12,648 13,287 Psychology 520 435 422 495 517 454 493 535 457 503 521 Social sciences 283 348 330 349 322 377 319 374 446 425 407 Engineering, Total 978 1,101 1,194 1,347 1,396 1,441 1,684 1,908 1,943 2,237 2,344 Chemical engineering 174 198 245 273 295 309 423 466 551 578 554 Materials 166 204 168 245 250 283 325 323 370 401 458 Mechanical 130 182 196 207 239 216 216 302 218 329 355 Electrical 176 174 171 176 172 175 186 193 241 300 307 SOURCE: Calculated from Table C-25 in NSF, 1992a; and, for 1991 and 1992, NSF, unpublished tables.
|
From page 135... ...
nglneerlng Science, Total Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Environmental sciences Mathematical sciences Computer sciences Agricultural sciences Biological sciences Psychology Social sciences Engineering, Total Chemical · — engineering Materials Mechanical Electrical 14,672 13,694 4,281 1,326 2,805 335 194 46 279 7,756 520 282 978 174 166 130 176 24,024 21,680 5,772 1,954 3,573 709 201 149 634 13,287 521 407 2,344 554 458 355 307 9,352 7,986 1,491 628 768 63.7 58.3 34.8 47.4 27.4 374 111.6 7 3.6 103 223.9 355 127.2 5,531 1 124 71.3 0.2 43.8 1,366 139.7 380 218.4 292 175.9 225 173.1 124 74.4 100.0 100.0 93.3 29.2 9.0 19.1 2.3 1.3 0.3 1.9 52.9 3.5 1.9 6.7 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.2 90.2 24.0 8.1 14.9 3.0 0.8 0.6 2.6 cc ~ 2.2 1.7 9.8 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.3 SOURCE: Calculated from Table C-25 in NSF, 1992a; and, for 1991 and 1992, NSF, unpublished tables.
|
From page 136... ...
SOURCE: Calculated from Table C-30 in NSF, 1992a; and, for 1991 and 1992, NSF, unpublished tables.
|
From page 137... ...
. SOURCE: Calculated from Table C-27 in NSF, 1992a; and, for 1991 and 1992, NSF, unpublished tables.
|
From page 138... ...
138 RESHAPING THE GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS TABLE B-38 Sources of Support for Science and Engineering Postdoctoral Appointees in Doctorate-Granting Institutions, by Field, 1992 Federal Sources Non Total Fellow- Trainee- Research Federal Field Total ships (%) ships(%)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.