Integrating Federal Statistics on Children Report of a Workshop (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Estimating the Incidence, Causes, and Consequences of Interpersonal Violence ...
Estimating the Incidence, Causes, and Consequences of Interpersonal Violence ...
Pages 192-214
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From page 192... ...
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1993 Surveys for Monitoring Health Reform. Presented at the AHSR/FHSR annual meeting, June 27-29.
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1992 Toward A National Health Care Survey. Panel on the National Health Care Sur vey, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council.
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The paper is limited to data collection focused on serious assaultive violence in primary relationships, such as families, and violence involving children. As a general concept, violence is broad, including any use of force or threats of force regardless of intent or magnitude.
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We begin by describing major approaches to collecting information on serious assaultive violence and characterizing their methodology, without attempting an exhaustive description of all of the major data collection systems. We then describe what we see as some of the major problems and pressing needs.
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From page 196... ...
The characteristics of the major data sources are also described in Table 1. Household Surveys The National Crime Victimization Survey, the National Youth Survey, and the National Family Violence Surveys are based on household samples.
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National Family Violence Surveys The National Family Violence Surveys were conducted in 1975 and 1985 (Straus et al., 1980; Gelles and Straus, 1988; Straus and Gelles, 1990)
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and Justice Department National Family 1975: Married and 1975: Personal 2 cross-sections, Assaults (partners Violence and Traumatic Violence Surveys cohabiting persons interviews 1975 and 1985 and children) Stress Branch, NIMH ages 18-70 1985: Adult couples, 1985: Telephone recently separated interviews persons, or single parents living in telephone households National Survey Persons ≥ age 19 Mixed, personal 2-wave panel, Hitting, shoving, Center for Population of Families and living in households interviews and 1987-1988 and throwing Research, National Households and able to be self-administered 1992-1994 things; injury in Institute for Child Health (NSFH)
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in telephone households 1989, 90, 91 Abuse Youth Risk Household population Personal interviews Cross-section; Physical fights, Collaboration: Centers for Behavior ages 12-21 and self-administered follow-back of fights with injury, Disease Control and Surveillance audiocassette 1992 NHIS who fought, Prevention (CDC) and System: National questionnaire weapon carrying others Household-Based Surveys, National Health Interview Survey, Youth Risk Behavior Supplement (NHIS-YRBS)
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From page 200... ...
Surveillance city with jurisdiction modified in some of health and education System: jurisdictions State and Local School-Based Surveys Monitoring the High school seniors Self-administered Annual since 1976 Assault National Institute on Drug Future questionnaires Abuse National Electronic Nonfatal injuries Medical records Monthly Intentional injuries Consumer Product Safety Injury Surveillance treated in emergency supplemented with Commission, BJS and System (NEISS) departments telephone interviews CDC with victims and witnesses National Hospital Patient visits to Medical records Began December 1991 Intentional injuries National Center for Health Ambulatory emergency and/or Statistics, CDC Medical Care outpatient departments Survey (NHAMCS)
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Complete Enumerations Uniform Crime Index crimes known to Police reports Monthly Murder b, robbery, Federal Bureau of Reporting Program: law enforcement rape, assault Investigation Return A agenciesa Uniform Crime Homicides that occurred Police reports Monthly Homicidec Federal Bureau of Reporting Program: in the U.S. Investigation Supplementary Homicide Report Uniform Crime Arrests for specified Police reports Monthly Arrests for Federal Bureau of Reporting Program: violent crimes violent crimes Investigation Age, Sex, Race, INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES and Ethnic Origin of Persons Arrested National Vital Deaths due to Death certificates Exact time of death Homicide National Center for Health Statistics Mortality intentional injuries Statistics, CDC Data continued on next page 199
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From page 203... ...
Prominent examples are school-based surveys of delinquent behavior such as Monitoring the Future and the school-based Youth Risk Behavior Surveys and hospital-based surveys of injuries such as the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (McCaig, 1994)
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From page 204... ...
Complete Enumerations or Registries There are two major systems that attempt to completely enumerate specified classes of assaultive violence: the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting System and the homicide portion of the mortality data from the vital statistics maintained by the National Center for Health Statistics. These national enumeration systems serve two unique roles.
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From page 205... ...
Therefore, the UCR data are of very limited value in studying violence in specific populations, such as families and children. National Vital Statistics Mortality Data Death certificates provide the basis of the national mortality data compiled by the Division of Vital Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
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From page 206... ...
This design is motivated by the infrequency of the target incidents and the weaknesses of any single sampling frame to yield valid estimates of its incidence. The National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Thrownaway Children (NISMART)
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From page 207... ...
The experience in the NCVS with series victimization is one of many examples that might be cited. Many respondents are unable to recall the details of separate incidents, even with bounded interviews and relatively short reference periods, because there are so many similar assaults during a short period that they cannot remember them as separate incidents.
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From page 208... ...
Although some of the difference may be due to the quality of police data, it is likely that many of the victims of gunshot wounds are not captured in household surveys. The groups that are likely to be missed in household surveys -- blacks, Hispanics, and other minorities; children under the age of 10; the poor; renters; and people who move frequently (Hogan, 1993; Robinston et al., 1993)
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From page 209... ...
Of the major data collection systems, only the vital statistics mortality data and the UCR system can produce estimates for state and local areas, and there are major limitations in the value of these systems. The vital statistics mortality data provide only a limited amount of information about victims besides age, race, gender, marital status, place of residence, and cause of death; there are no data about circumstances.
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For example, the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Bureau of Justice Statistics are currently working more or less independently to collect information on intentional injuries through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (described above)
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A consortium of agencies or the National Science Foundation could study issues such as: • the relative effectiveness of different methods of screening for and measuring the characteristics of violent behavior, especially involving children and within households, • the effects of alternative collection methods that protect respondents' privacy in household surveys, • techniques for improving coverage of persons at high risk for personal violence in household surveys, and • estimation procedures that incorporate information from multiple sampling frames, such as household samples and the records of service organizations. Explore More Efficient Ways of Identifying Cases Household surveys of serious assaultive violence require large, expensive screening operations because most of the households contacted will not have experienced a target incident.
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From page 212... ...
Second, the rising costs of health care in recent decades have spawned the development of health maintenance organizations, which, as health care reform evolves, are likely to provide primary health care to an increasingly larger proportion of the population. These organizations may be excellent sites for acquiring data on the incidence of violence, particularly family and intimate violence, in defined populations and on the health consequences of violence and its impact on child and family development.
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From page 213... ...
This system collects detailed information on all fatal motor vehicle crashes in the United States (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1993)
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From page 214... ...
McCaig, L.F. 1994 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1992 Emergency Depart ment Summary.
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