Biographical Memoirs Volume 66 (1995) / Chapter Skim
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George Hoyt Whipple
George Hoyt Whipple
Pages 370-393
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From page 371... ...
However, he never discouraged a young worker from doing an experiment to test his own ideas. To learn some little about Whipple's personal life and feelings one must read the definitive biography, George Hoyt Whipple and his Friends, published in 1963 en cl written by George W
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From page 372... ...
In spite of these and many other honors, George Whipple in his brief autobiography said, "I would be remembered as a teacher." THE EARLY YEARS ( 1878-1900) Born in IS78 in the village of Ashland, New Hampshire, George Hoyt Whipple was the only direct male descendent of two New Hampshire country doctors, Solomon Mason Whipple, his grandfather, and Ashley Cooper Whipple, his father.
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From page 373... ...
As far back as he could remember George Whipple tacitly anticipated that, like his paternal forebears, he would become a physician. Apparently his mother encouraged him in this ambition, adding some financial support from a small inheritance and influencing his choice of Yale as the college for his premedical studies.
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From page 374... ...
JOHNS HOPKINS WARS ( 1901-14) In his first year at Hopkins, Whipple's comparatively extensive training in physiological chemistry at Yale qualified him to apply for a student teaching assistantship in John J
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From page 375... ...
Standing fourth in his class of fifty-four students, Whipple was eminently qualified for one of the choice internships in medicine, which included pediatrics; however, fate intervened when a junior member of the Pathology Department was about to leave Hopkins, and McCallum, acting as Welch's agent, offered the post to Whipple, presumably to concentrate on pediatric pathology. That year in pathology was supposed to prepare Whipple for an anticipated career in clinical pediatrics, however Whipple was so thoroughly entranced by his experience in all aspects of the work in pathology that he sought a second year's appointment from Welch.
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From page 376... ...
Upon his return to Hopkins in 1909, Whipple focused his efforts on the pathologic disturbance of function such as that associated with acute chloroform poisoning and liver injury in the dog, as described by Howland and Richards. Although Whipple and King failed to produce experimental cirrhosis in the dog by inflicting repeated episodes of chloroform liver injury and necrosis, they observed and recorded the increased bleeding tendency and jaundice and measured decreases in fibrinogen levels in their dogs.
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From page 377... ...
Whipple spent the spring and summer of 1911 in Vienna in the laboratory of Professor Hans Meyer; there he learned how to produce the experimental porto-caval shunt in the dog known as the Eck fistula. Using this technique in later years Whipple was able to study the effects of totally diverting the hepatic portal vein blood flow on a number of hepatic functions in the dog.
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From page 378... ...
In the course of studying bile pigment metabolism and recognizing that blood red cells were the major normal source of bilirubin, Whipple and Hooper studied the effects of acute hemorrhagic anemia and diet composition
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From page 379... ...
This was followed by studies on the influence of diet on the curve of regeneration after plasma depletion. Although these early studies on blood and plasma protein regeneration pointed to dietary factors having important influences on quantitative changes in blood and plasma protein regeneration, it became apparent that accurate reproducible measures of blood and plasma volumes would be essential before accurate estimates of the total circulating mass of blood and plasma proteins could be made.
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From page 380... ...
In addition, Rhees reassured him that in Rochester he would not be expected to participate actively in the social life or community service, which might detract from his total commitment to the teaching and research functions of the meclical school. Whipple's ongoing research programs at the Hooper Institute continued, with the friendly cooperation of all concerned at Berkeley, without interruption until late in 1922, when the first building was completed at the new medical school in Rochester.
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From page 381... ...
; e) Blood regeneration following simple anemia (a series of six papers sought to evaluate the effects of varying diet composition on hemoglobin regeneration in simple hemorrhagic anemia en c!
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From page 382... ...
Between 1925 and 1930 Whipple and Robscheit-Robbins published a total of twenty-one papers describing the use of the standard anemic dog to test a lengthy array of foods of animal and vegetable origin. In general, foods derived from animal tissues as a group were much more potent than foods of plant origin, with one notable exception; cooked apricots were found to be the most potent food of plant origin, surpassing beef heart and beef skeletal muscle in stimulating hemoglobin regeneration.
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From page 383... ...
that the liver factors effective in treating human pernicious anemia were not the same as those responsible for the large hemoglobin response in the standard anemic dog. Thus, there remained the troubling, unanswered question of whether whole liver contained a factor other than iron (in some unusually assimilable form)
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From page 384... ...
Hawkins and Whipple were able to resolve previous inconclusive observations about the reutilization of the pigment moiety of parenterally administered dog hemoglobin in the production of new red blood cells. It became clear that even in the standard anemic dog, with its maximal stimulus for hemoglobin production, the pigment moiety of parenterally given hemoglobin was not reutilized; rather it was excreted in the bile as completely in the form of bilirubin as in the comparable nonanemic state.
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From page 385... ...
These studies were documented by measurements of urinary nitrogen partition and nitrogen balance. The results supported the view that, even during total starvation, small but significant amounts of hemoglobin were procluced and that hemoglobin production was substantially improved by sugar feeding associated with a market} reduction in urinary nitrogen excretion.
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From page 386... ...
While the plasmapheresis studies were demonstrating the importance of the qualitative and quantitative character of dietary protein on production of plasma proteins, Whipple and his colleagues were finding that dog plasma proteins given intravenously or intraperitoneally along with a nonprotein diet could maintain dogs in weight and nitrogen balance. The results of these studies, along with those obtained earlier on liver cell regeneration after chloroform liver injury and necrosis and those on hemoglobin regeneration in the fasted anemic dog, all led Whipple to propose his hypothesis of "the dynamic equilibrium between blood and tissue proteins." ~ believe this was conceptually his most important contribution to our understanding of the fundamental character of mammalian protein metabolism.
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From page 387... ...
Iron absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of the nonanemic dog was found to be correspondingly minimal, however, with severe hemorrhagic anemia and iron deficiency; iron absorption was found to be substantially increased unti] bodily iron stores were replenished.
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From page 388... ...
formulated a number of pure amino acid mixtures and tested them for their effectiveness in promoting synthesis of plasma proteins when given orally or parenterally. When given either orally or parenterally with an adequate intake of nonprotein calories several of the amino acid mixtures could completely satisfy all the metabolic requirements for maintenance of weight and nitrogen balance in the dog and at the same time support ample plasma protein and hemoglobin regeneration.
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From page 389... ...
c) Isotopically labeled red blood cells or plasma proteins given intraperitoneally to dogs rapidly appeared intact in the circulating blood.
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From page 390... ...
In retirement he continued to keep in touch with the activities in the Pathology Department and meclical school, but allotted time to enjoy pheasant hunting, salmon fishing in Nova Scoha on the Margaree River, and fishing for tarpon off the Florida coast. In spite of his honors, prizes, medals, and international recognition, George H
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From page 391... ...
Blood regeneration following simple anemia.
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From page 392... ...
Blood plasma protein regeneration controlled by diet.
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From page 393... ...
Chloroform liver injury increases as protein stores decrease. Studies in nitrogen metabolism in these dogs.
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