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Pages 254-260

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From page 254...
... See Life science for development of self-directed learners, 88 Business and industry equity issues in, 222 consideration in curriculum planning, 231 examples of implementation, 39-41, 47-49, 80-81, in implementation of standards, 245 136, 146-147, 162-164, 202-203 importance of scientific literacy, 1-2, 12 fairness in, 85-86 to improve classroom practice, 87 C internal consistency, 79 Cell biology, 155, 156, 181, 184-185 large-scale, 89-90 Certification for teaching methods, 6, 37-38, 84 organizational participants, 229-230 with multiple variables, 76 role of professional development standards in, 56 opportunity for students to demonstrate Chemical reactions, 179 achievement, 84 Classification concepts and practice, 128, 181, 185 of opportunity to learn, 6, 76-78, 79, 82-83 Colleges and universities process components of, 76 admissions requirements, 231 professional development of teachers, 42-43, 63, 67, education of science teachers, 60-61, 63-67, 238 89, 97-98 Community contexts program standards, 211 curriculum design, 231 public perception and understanding, 89, 211 design of science program content, 231 regional and national application, 78, 89-90 development of science program in, 51 reliability, 84 educational resources outside the school, 45, reporting and interpreting results, 43, 86-87, 88-89 220-221 resource expenditures for, 79 educational system in, 227-228 role of, 5-6, 38, 76, 87-89 health concepts, 197-198 role of standards for, 5, 75-76 implementation of standards, 245 sample assessments of student science achievement, professional development of teachers in, 57, 67 91-100 social perspectives of science, 138-141 scoring rubrics, 93, 95, 97 Computers, 145, 175 stability of measures, 84-85 Content Core, The, 14 Standard A, 78-79 Content standards, 6-7 Standard B, 79-83 changes in emphases in, 113 254 I N D E X
From page 255...
... criteria for selection of, 109-110 grades 9-12, 173-176 curriculum and, 20, 22-23, 103, 110, 111, 212-214 system standards and, 230-231 in development of student goals, 30 technology and science, 106-107 diversity of learning experiences and, 20, 221-222 grades K-4, 135-138 earth and space science, 106 grades 5-8, 161-166 grades K-4, 130-134 grades 9-12, 190-193 grades 5-8, 158-161 unifying concepts and processes, 104-105, 115-119 grades 9-12, 187-190 Council of State Science Supervisors, 14 examples of implementation, 34-35, 39, 47-49, Creative thinking, 46 64-66, 80-81, 124-125, 131-133, 136, 146-147, Critical thinking, 33, 145, 175 150-153, 162-164, 182-183, 194-196, 202-203, Curriculum 215-217 assessment practice and, 87, 211 grades K-4, 110 college/university preparation of science teachers, Standard A, 121-123 61, 238 Standard B, 123-127 components of, 22, 212 Standard C, 127-129 content standards and, 6-7, 20, 22-23, 103, 110, 111 Standard D, 130-134 coordination across subjects, 214 Standard E, 135-138 defined, 2-3, 22 Standard F, 138-141 developmentally appropriate, 212-214 Standard G, 141 development of student goals and, 30 grades 5-8, 110 equity issues in design of, 222 Standard A, 143-148 flexibility, 30, 213 Standard B, 149-155 framework, 211 Standard C, 155-158 mathematics-science coordination, 214-218 Standard D, 158-161 patterns in program design, 212-214 Standard E, 161-166 program standards, 7-8 Standard F, 166-170 research and development process, 213 Standard G, 170-171 selection of units and courses of study, 211 grades 9-12, 110 social considerations, 231 Standard A, 173-176 teaching practice consistent with, 211 Standard B, 176-181 teaching standards for planning of, 30-31 Standard C, 181-187 Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Standard D, 187-190 Mathematics, 13 Standard E, 190-193 Standard F, 193-199 D Standard G, 200-202 Diet and nutrition, 139, 140, 168, 197 history and nature of science, 104, 107 Disabilities and handicaps, 37 grades K-4, 141 access to learning opportunities, 20, 221 grades 5-8, 170-171 assessment of students with, 86, 222 grades 9-12, 200-202 District level implementation, 7, 103, 110-112 assessment activities, 89-90 life science, 106 changes in emphases in system standards, 240 grades K-4, 127-129 in educational system, 227, 228 grades 5-8, 155-158 implementation of program standards, 8, 210 grades 9-12, 181-187 implementation of standards, example of, 234-237 local considerations, 231 science program planning, 51-52, 211-212 personal and social perspectives of science Duration of class, 37 grades K-4, 138-141 grades 5-8, 166-170 E grades 9-12, 193-199 Earth and space science physical science, 106 developing student understanding grades K-4, 123-127 grades K-4, 130-134 grades 5-8, 149-155 grades 5-8, 158-159 grades 9-12, 176-181 grades 9-12, 187-189 presentation format, 108-109 earth system, 159-160, 189 program standards and, 209-210, 212, 213 evolution of earth, 160, 189-190 rationale, 104 fundamental concepts underlying standards for scientific inquiry, 104, 105 grades K-4, 134 grades K-4, 121-123 grades 5-8, 159-161 grades 5-8, 143-148 grades 9-12, 189-190 I N D E X 255
From page 256...
... geochemical cycles, 189 of program standards, 34-35, 39, 47-49, 64-66, grades K-4, content standards for, 106, 130-134 80-81, 124-125, 131-133, 146-147, 150-153, grades 5-8, content standards for, 106, 158-161 162-164, 182-183, 194-196, 215-217, 234-237 grades 9-12, content standards for, 106, 187-190 student science achievement assessment, 91-99 nature of change, 134 of system standards, 34-35, 39, 64-66, 124-125, objects in space, 134 150-153, 162-164, 234-237 origin and evolution of universe, 190 of teaching standards, 34-35, 39, 47-49, 64-66, properties of earth materials, 134 80-81, 124-125, 131-133, 136, 146-147, solar system, 160-161, 215-217 150-153, 162-164, 182-183, 194-196, Earth Science Education Coalition, 14 202-203, 215-217 Earthworms, 34-35 Ecosystem studies, 157-158 F Education, Department of, 14 Federal government Educational system, 8 changes in emphases in system standards, 239 communication within, 231 in educational system, 228 components of, 8, 228-229 system standards, 230-231 coordination and cooperation in, 8, 51 in teacher certification, 229, 230 government functioning in, 228 Field experiences, 44, 220-221 reform of, 9, 21, 28, 52, 211 for development of pedagogical content knowledge, role of, 228 67 role of assessments in, 5, 76 Form and function, scientific concept of, 119 role of national standards in, 12 Fossils, 182-183 science program planning, 51-52 state functioning in, 227-228, 229 G structure and functioning, 8, 227-228 Gender issues, in assessment, 85-86 support for science teaching, 4, 27, 28, 37, 211, Genetics, 64-66, 157, 185 222-224 Goals of standards, 2, 10, 13, 21 See also System standards for professional development of teachers, 55-56 Education Development Center, 14 for science teaching, 27 Egg drop experiment, 162-164 for student assessment, 75, 76 English as second language, 37 for student inquiry skills, 105 Environmental studies, 139, 140, 167, 168 Grades K-4 ecosystems, 157-158, 193-197 content standards, 110 environmental quality issues, 198 earth and space science content standard, 130-134 interdependence of organisms, 186, 193 history and nature of science, content standard for natural and human-induced hazards, 168-169, understanding, 141 198-199 life science content standard, 127-129 natural resource management, 11, 198 personal and social perspectives of science, content Equity, 2 standard for, 138-141 fairness in assessment practice, 85-86 physical science content standard, 123-127 in science education policy-making, 232-233 science and technology content standard, 135-138 science teaching standards and, 4, 16, 20 scientific inquiry in, content standards for, 121-123 student access to opportunities, 221-222 teacher knowledge, 60 Evaporation, 124-125 unifying concepts and processes in, 104-105, Everybody Counts: A Report to the Nation on the Future 115-119 of Mathematics Education, 13 Grades 5-8 Evolution, scientific concept of content standards, 110 adaptation, 156, 158 earth and space science content standard, 158-161 example of classroom activity, 182-183 history and nature of science, content standard for grades 9-12 content standards, 185 understanding, 170-171 natural selection, 181-184, 185 personal and social contexts of science, content as unifying concept, 119 standard for understanding, 166-170 Examples of implementation physical science content standard, 149-155 of assessment standards, 39-41, 47-49, 80-81, 136, science and technology content standard, 161-166 146-147, 162-164, 202-203 science as inquiry in, content standards for, 143-148 of content standards, 34-35, 39, 47-49, 64-66, 80-81, unifying concepts and processes in, 105, 115-119 124-125, 131-133, 136, 146-147, 150-153, Grades 9-12 162-164, 182-183, 194-196, 202-203, 215-217 content standards, 110 of professional development standards, 34-35, earth and space science content standards, 187-190 64-66, 131-133, 150-153, 234-237 graduation requirements, 231 256 I N D E X
From page 257...
... , learning environment for, 13 13, 15, 218 local contexts and policies in, 8, 29 National Education Goals Panel, 13 long-term commitment, 13 National Governors Association, 13 as ongoing process, 9 National Research Council (NRC) , 13, 14, 15 professional development standards, 219 National Science Education Standards program standards, 210 conceptual basis, 19-21 responsibility for, 244 guide to using, 15-16, 17 science content standards, 6-7 historical evolution, 13-15 science program standards, 7-8 role of, 12 science teaching standards, 29, 137 terminology, 22-24 system-wide participation in, 9, 12, 21 See also Goals of standards; Implementation of Inquiry.
From page 258...
... O Population studies, 140, 157-158, 168, 193, 198 Opportunity to learn Prediction, as science practice, 116-117, 145, 148 assessment of, 76-78, 79, 82-83 Probability, mathematical, 116-117 in conceptual basis of standards, 20, 221-222 Professional development of teachers elements of, 2 in assessment practice, 67 program standards, 221-222 benefits of, 67-68 See also Equity college/university science education, 60-61, 238 design and evaluation of assessments, 97-98 P field experiences for, 67 Parents as lifelong process, 57, 68-70 in implementation of standards, 245 opportunities to reflect on practice, 69 student progress reports for, 88-89 participants in, 57-58 in system reform, 238 program planning and, 51-52 Peer review, student, 174 reform of, 56 Pendulums, 146-147 resources for, 70, 223 Personal and social perspectives of science settings for, 58, 67, 68, 69-70 challenges of science and technology, 140-141, 199 teacher responsibilities, 69 content standards, 104, 107 See also Professional development standards developing student understanding Professional development standards, 4-5 grades K-4, 138-139 changes in emphases in, 72 grades 5-8, 166-168 continuous activities in, 57, 68-70 grades 9-12, 193-197 examples of implementation, 34-35, 39, 64-66, environmental issues, 140, 198 131-133, 150-153, 234-237 fundamental concepts underlying standards for focus of, 58-59 grades K-4, 139-141 grade-specific science knowledge, 60 grades 5-8, 168-170 implementation, 219 grades 9-12, 197-199 for knowledge and understanding of science, 59-61 grades K-4, content standard for, 138-141 for knowledge of science teaching, 62-68 grades 5-8, content standard for, 166-170 for professional development programs, 70-71 grades 9-12, content standards for, 193-199 role of, 5, 55-56 importance of scientific literacy, 1 Standard A, 59-61 natural and human-induced hazards, 168-169, Standard B, 62-68 198-199 Standard C, 68-70 natural resource issues, 198 Standard D, 70-71 personal and community health, 139-140, 169, system standards and, 230-231 197-198 underlying assumptions, 56-58 population studies, 140, 168, 198 See also Professional development of teachers risk-benefit analysis, 169 Professional societies, 229 technology issues, 140-141, 167-168, 169-170, 197 Program standards, 7-8 Photosynthesis, 194-196 assessment practice in, 211 Physical science assumptions underlying, 210 chemical reactions, 179 changes in emphases in, 224 conservation of energy, 180 content standards and, 212, 213 developing student understanding coordination with mathematics program, 214-218 grades K-4, 123, 126-127 correspondence with other school subjects, 214 grades 5-8, 149-154 curriculum framework and, 211 grades 9-12, 176-178 curriculum patterns and, 212-214 fundamental concepts underlying standards for equity of student access to opportunities, 221-222 grades K-4, 127 examples of implementation, 34-35, 39, 47-49, grades 5-8, 154-155 64-66, 80-81, 124-125, 131-133, 146-147, grades 9-12, 178-181 150-153, 162-164, 182-183, 194-196, 215-217, grades K-4, content standards for, 106, 123, 126-127 234-237 grades 5-8, content standards for, 106, 149-155 field experiences, 220-221 grades 9-12, content standards for, 106, 176-181 goals and expectations of students, 210, 211 interactions of energy and matter, 180-181 implementation, 8, 210 motions and forces, 127, 154, 179-180 inquiry as component of, 214 properties of objects and materials, 127, 154, leadership and responsibility, 211-212, 223-224 178-180 physical space requirements, 220 structure of atoms, 178 professional development of teachers, 70-71, transfer of energy, 155 218-219 258 I N D E X
From page 259...
... relationship to student's lives, 212-213 in development of teaching and learning models, 31 resources for teaching, 218-221 example of implementation in classroom, 34-35, role of, 209-210 146-147 school scheduling, 219 forms of, in classroom, 33 Standard A, 210-212 fundamental concepts underlying standards for Standard B, 212-214 grades K-4, 123 Standard C, 214-218 grades 5-8, 148 Standard D, 218-221 grades 9-12, 176 Standard E, 221-222 goals for students, 13, 105 Standard F, 222-224 grades K-4, content standard for, 105, 121-123 support for teachers and teaching, 211, 219, 222-224 grades 5-8, content standard for, 105, 143-148 system standards and, 230-231 grades 9-12, content standard for, 105, 173-176 teaching practice, 211 historical development of, standards for Public perception and understanding understanding, 104, 107 of assessment practice, 85, 89, 211 meaning of, to students, 173-174 of system reform, 238 peer review of, 174 personal and social development and, 104, 107 R professional development standards for teachers, 59 Race/ethnicity, assessment and, 85-86 as program component, 214 Research activities for professional development, 58 responsibilities of system personnel in teaching of, Resource management in teaching, 43-45, 168 212 adaptation of externally produced materials, 213 in science learning process, 2, 105 assessment standards, 79 scientific method and, 144-145 budget planning, 220 skills assessment, 6 materials-support infrastructure, 220 student collaboration in, 50 necessities for scientific inquiry, 220 student evaluation of scientific studies and results, physical space requirements, 220 171, 202-203 policy-making and, 232 teacher's management of, 33, 36 for professional development of teachers, 70 technology as design and, 107, 166 program standard, 218-221 See also Scientific literacy resources outside the school, 45, 220-221 Scientific knowledge and understanding responsibility for, 218 assessment of, 82 science program planning, 51-52 of cause-and-effect, 145 to sustain and encourage reform, 223 of chemical reactions, 179 teachers as resource, 218-219 college/university education of teachers, 60-61, 238 time as resource, 219 of constancy and change, 117-118 Risk-benefit analysis, as scientific concept, 167, 169 cultural and traditional elements of, 21 curriculum design for, 213 S depth and breadth, 59, 110 Safety, 44 of earth and space, 130-134, 158-161, 187-190 Scheduling of classes, 44, 219 of energy, 154, 155, 157, 178, 180-181, 186-187, 189 Science for All Americans, 14, 15 of environmental and resource issues, 139, 140, Science Olympiad, 39-41 198-199 Scientific inquiry, 23-24 of evolution and equilibrium, 119 abilities for, 145, 148, 175-176 of form and function, 119 grades K-4, 122-123 goals of standards, 13 grades 5-8, 145-148 of health, 138-140, 141 grades 9-12, 175-176 as human endeavor, 141, 170, 200-201 adult models of, 37, 50-51 lifelong learning, 68-69 assessment of student achievement, 98-100 of living systems and organisms, 127-129, 155-158, characteristics of, 2 186-187 classroom environment for, 44 of measurement, 118, 126-127, 149 classroom resources for, 220 of motions and forces, 127, 154, 179-180 in college/university preparation of science of natural selection, 181-184, 185 teachers, 61 nature of, 23 defined, 214 pedagogical content knowledge, 62-68 developing student abilities and understanding of population issues, 140 grades K-4, 121-122 of prediction, 116-117, 145, 148 grades 5-8, 143-145 of probability, 116-117 grades 9-12, 173-175 I N D E X 259
From page 260...
... professional development standards for teachers, student-teacher relationship, 29 59-61 teacher's respect for, 46 of properties of objects and materials, 123, 126-127, Substance abuse, 140, 168, 197 149-154, 178-179 Systems analysis, 116-117 of risk-benefit analysis, 167, 169 applied to educational systems, 227-228 of scientific description, 145, 148, 176 earth and space science, 158-161, 187-190 of scientific explanation, 117, 122-123, 145, 148, interdependence of organisms, 186 174, 175-176, 201 living systems, 156-158, 186-187 scientific inquiry and, 144-145 System standards, 8 sources of, 31 changes in emphases in, 239-240 of substance abuse, 140 congruence among standards, 230-231 of systems analysis, 116-117 continuity in policy-making, 231-232 teacher's, 28 coordination of policies, 231 of technological design, 135-138, 161-166, 192-193 equity considerations, 232-233 unifying concepts and processes in, 104-105, examples of implementation, 34-35, 39, 64-66, 115-119 124-125, 150-153, 162-164, 234-237 use of evidence, 117, 145, 174, 201 ongoing evaluation of policy, 233 use of scientific models, 116, 117, 159, 175 resource considerations in policy-making, 232 See also Scientific inquiry responsibility for reform, 8, 233-238 Scientific literacy role of, 227 characteristics of, 21, 22 Standard A, 230-231 cultural and traditional elements of, 21 Standard B, 231 defined, 22 Standard C, 231-232 developmental approach, 18 Standard D, 232 goals of standards, 13 Standard E, 232-233 importance of, 1-2, 11-12 Standard F, 233 See also Scientific inquiry; Scientific knowledge and Standard G, 233-238 understanding Scientists, 233-238, 245 T Self-directed learning, 88 Teacher collaboration Sexual behavior and reproduction, 156, 158, 168, for assessment, 67 197-198 in college/university preparation of science Social issues, 138-141 teachers, 61 Solar system, 215-217 for design of professional development State government programs, 71 changes in emphases in system standards, 239 for development of pedagogical content in educational system, 227-228, 229 knowledge, 63-68 national standards and, 12 development of scoring rubrics for assessment, 93 resource allocation, 232 mathematics-science, 214-218 system standards, 230-231 new forms of, 67 in teacher certification, 229, 230 with outside institutions, 223 Students for professional development, 57-58 assessment reports, 43, 88-89 for research on practice, 223 classroom inquiry, 33, 36 school environment for, 222-223 classroom organization of, 31-32 for science program planning, 32, 51 classroom participation, 36-37 with scientists, 233-238 as community of science learners, 45-46 for self-assessment, 69 determinants of learning, 28, 29 Teaching practice development of goals for, 30 as active learning process, 2, 20, 28 encouraging classroom collaboration and discourse, assessment of, 6, 42-43 36, 50 assessment practice consistent with, 211 grouping of, 222 classroom organization of students, 31-32 in implementation of standards, 244 consistent with curriculum framework, 211 involvement in design of learning environment, 45, culture and traditions of science, 21 46-50 determinants of student learning, 28, 29 program considerations, 212-213 equitable access to opportunities for students, responsibility for learning, 27, 36 221-222 self-assessment, 42, 88 flexibility, 213 social and cultural considerations in teaching good qualities, 12, 218-219 strategies, 32, 37 grouping of students, 222 260 I N D E X


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