Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities A Profile (1995) / Chapter Skim
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2 U.S. Agriculture Yesterday and Today: The Colleges' Changed Environment
2 U.S. Agriculture Yesterday and Today: The Colleges' Changed Environment
Pages 18-33
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From page 18... ...
The fact that so many more people could be fed with relatively little farm labor input meant that farm workers became available to other industries industries that taught them different skills and paid them higher wages. Essentially, the release of labor from farming fueled the growth of the rest of the U.S.
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From page 19... ...
Such advances include hybrid seeds, improved farm and production management techniques, improved genetic stock of food animals, and sophisticated financial management strategies. Total factor productivity-that is, the output generated by all farm inputs working together increased almost 150 percent between 1948 and 1991 (Table 2-2~.
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From page 20... ...
Thus agricultural research has been directed, more recently, toward developing production technologies that are both cost-effective substitutes for machines and chemicals and less risky in terms of environmental and health costs. · Technologies developed and in use that can reduce reliance on mechanical and chemical inputs and, at the same time, enhance farm productivity include integrated pest management and other "best-management" practices, such as crop rotations with legumes, integrated livestock-crop systems with manure applications, and management-intensive grazing (see Vandeman et al., 1994, for an assessment of integrated pest management fIPM]
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Agricultural Issues Center Pub.
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From page 22... ...
. Personal consumption expenditures for domestically produced food and farm value are from USDA, ERS, Food Cost Review, AER No.
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From page 23... ...
CPQ found that between 1989 and 1992 increased concern about pesticide residues was paralleled by growing consumer concerns about virtually all food-related issues, including nutritional value, fat, salmonella, cholesterol, and animal growth hormones. The International Food Information Council of the American Dietetic Association found in 1993 that 44 percent of adults surveyed were "very concerned" about the effects their diet has on their health and that an additional 40 percent were "fairly concerned." In addition, they found that a strong majority of adults agreed that there are too many conflicting reports about nutrition.
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consumers spent for domestically produced food in 1994, compared with 41 percent in 1950 (Table 2-4~. The increasing share of food consumed away from home further increases the can between farm-level commodity prices and retail food costs.
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From page 25... ...
It may share the net worth of the farm with one or more other nonoperator farm households. alncludes off-farm business income not shown separately.
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From page 26... ...
For example, the Great Plains counties that specialize in cattle, wheat, and sorghum count on these commodities for more than 80 percent of their farm sales; the poultry-specializing counties count on poultry for almost 70 percent of farm sales; and the dairy-specializing counties of the Northeast and Great Lakes states depend on dairy product sales for more than 55 percent of their farm sales (Table 27 and Figure 2-23.
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From page 27... ...
The trend toward vertical integration results from a number of factors including advances in food technology and greater globalization of agricultural production and trade. In the case of pork, for example, the process of engineering the final product to meet specific consumer demands begins at the hog production level.
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From page 28... ...
0 ~ 51 ~ ~ ~ ~ 151 1~ 0 ~ E ma, ~ ~7 ~ LAND GRANT COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE: A PROFILE
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~ The ways in which states differ may be significant to the future of the colleges of agriculture. Characteristics of states' farm sectors differ; the role of agriculture in state economies differs, as do the interfaces between agriculture and other state land uses.
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179,271,288 (3) NOTE: Cash receipts from farm marketings plus government subsidy payments equal total cash receipts from farming.
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· Despite the fact that these states are major contributors to national farm output, for California, Texas, and Illinois farm marketing receipts amount to only 3 percent of gross state product. On the other hand, in Iowa and Nebraska farm marketings equal 18 and 26 percent, respectively, of the value of gross state product.
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Total percent of all state jobs may reflect rounding error. SOURCE: Data were provided by the USDA Economic Research Service (ERS)
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From page 33... ...
Wor/d Food Trends and Future Food Security. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1994.
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