Beach Nourishment and Protection (1995) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 14-26
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From page 14... ...
The expenditure in the United States for shore protection and restoration is small in comparison to the economic value of beaches. Travel/tourism is the largest industry in the United States, and by far the largest employer.
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From page 15... ...
If these processes are not matched or exceeded by supply processes, erosion is inevitable regardless of subsidence or sea-level changes (Amos and Amos, 1985; McConnaughey and McConnaughey, 1985; Perry, 19851. The erosion is aggravated by the gradual subsidence of the coastline as a result of geological processes, by human interference with natural processes, and by the global rise in sea level (Boesch, 1982; NRC, 1987, 1992~.
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From page 16... ...
A wide beach is effective in dissipating wave energy as a result of its increased interaction with the waves, its larger surface area, and its greater bulk. The destructive force of storm waves thus falls on the beach rather than on upland structures, although extreme elevations of sea level produced by strong winds and low-pressure systems (which produce storm surge)
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From page 17... ...
Federal, state, and local agencies and private property owners, all of whom collectively bear the cost of beach nourishment projects, need objective estimates of long-term costs and benefits. Current federal laws requiring state and local cost sharing for projects and well-defined state coastal management programs highlight limitations in the technical basis for decision making in this area.
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From page 18... ...
for beach renourishment. In addition to providing assistance to the states when there is a presidential declaration of disaster, FEMA administers the flood insurance program that insures private property owners from damages cause by coastal flooding and erosion losses.
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From page 19... ...
The intent of both the CBRA and the CBIA is to discourage development in CBRS areas because coastal barriers are deemed inherently hazardous areas for long-term habitation or development. To date, just under 600 CBRS units have been included, from Maine to Florida along the Atlantic coast; from Florida to Texas along the Gulf coast; in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands; and in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota on the Great Lakes.
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From page 20... ...
Sand sources are predominantly rivers and soft seacliff erosion, with only a small contribution from shells or other biogenic sources (Good and Toby, 1994; McConnaughey and McConnaughey, 1985~. There are relatively few constructed harbors in sandy shores, and the greatest human contribution to coastal erosion stems from flood control measures that trap sand in river basins, mining sand from these basins and beach and dune deposits, stabilization of naturally eroding seacliffs, and construction of jetties and groins that retard the alongshore movement of sand.
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From page 21... ...
Gulf Coast The Gulf coast has extensive barrier island/dune systems composed of fine sand. It enjoys a relatively benign wave climate except during hurricanes, which cause large storm surges over the broad shallow continental shelf, allowing coastal flooding and the penetration of large waves well inland of the normal position of the ocean edge.
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From page 22... ...
The distinctive black sand beaches found on the southern part of the island of Hawaii are glass grains formed during the explosive contact of molten lava flow into the ocean (Moberly et al., 1965~. Because of the typically severe wave climate on the windward coasts, beaches are often formed landward of protective fringing coral reefs.
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From page 23... ...
The midocean islands have small tide ranges, and their steep slopes cause only modest storm-surge effects, although wave runup may be large on windward shores. Definitions Shore protection terms have specific meanings for coastal engineers, but the public often uses them loosely.
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From page 25... ...
1923. Coney Island public beach and boardwalk improvements.
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From page 26... ...
Fort Belvoir, Va.: Institute of Water Resources, Water Resources Support Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
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