Biographical Memoirs Volume 68 (1995) / Chapter Skim
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William Bradford Shockley
William Bradford Shockley
Pages 305-324
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His parents were Americans. His father, William Hiliman Shockley, was a mining engineer, anti his mother, the former May BraciforcI, ha(1 been a fe(leral deputy surveyor of mineral lancis.
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undergraduate days. Among other things, Shockley demonstrated, with the use of an empty lattice model, that the precise determination of band gaps for real crystals with the use of the cellular method would require highly evolved techniques.
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We selected the southern route through Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Arkansas, eventually reaching the Lincoln Highway in Ohio. Along the way, we visited Carlsbad Caves and the Kentucky Caves including the then famous Floyd Collins Crystal Cave in Kentucky.
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He apparently was unable to place himself in the shoes of others and thereby understand that advocating strong eugenic measures in a highly diverse society is bound to be highly disruptive. Yet he advocated that such a course be followed to the very end of his life.
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Since Shockley wanted to drive west and Hansen wanted to participate in the advanced summer physics lecture series at the University of Michigan, the three of us started west together. The school at Michigan had not yet begun when we arrived but Robert Bacher, who held a postdoctoral position and was widely known for the book he and Samuel Goudsmit had published on atomic spectra, took us in hand and gave us an excellent tour of the department.
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Shockley used a substantial part of his time in South Africa studying the trainability of local ants. When Shockley gracluated from MIT he took a job at Bell Telephone Laboratories to work with Clinton J
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He then became research (Erector of the Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Research Group set up by the Nav,v Department at Columbia University. He was in the Naval Operations Research position from 1942 until 1944.
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their work as pure research, from the beginning it was clearly Shockley's goal to discover a solid-state amplifier as a replacement for the vacuum tube. Shockley returned to the iclea of the field effect transistor, in which an externally applied electric field!
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In the process of devising an experimental test of the transistor action, Shockley invented the junction transistor. He reported on this device in a paper in the Bell System TechnicaZ fournaP en c} gave a comprehensive review of the electronic behavior of semiconductors in a book in ]
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From page 314... ...
His ability to approach a (liff~cult problem in a remarkably effective manner, to break the problem into its fundamental components, and to find an elegant solution was a strong factor in his approach to the general problem of achieving a more basic understanding of semiconductors. Shockley was adventuresome, professionally and as an indiviclual.
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Fret! Terman, then provost of Stanford University, was eager to see new industry in the new electronics technology started near Stanford and was starting a parallel effort in the Stanford electrical engineering department.
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Shockley helped establish a new memory technology based on the controller! motion of small domains called magnetic bubbles.
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what recent technical developments he considered most important. There was no hesitation in his reply: One of the most striking things I've seen is the possibility of using gallium arsenide lasers and optical fibers in new transmission systems.
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A few public recognitions of his accomplishments are the Medal for Merit (19461; election to the National Academy of Sciences (19511; Air Force Association Citation of Honor for Outstanding Public Service (19511; Morris Liebmann Award (19531; Oliver Buckley Solic! State Physics Prize (19531; Certificate of Appreciation from the Department of the Army (19531; anal, with Barcleen and Brattain, the Nobel Prize in physics for inventing the transistor (19561.
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Shockley's activity in designing experiments to elucidate the physical processes in the point contact device led to the invention of the junction transistor. Both of these activities completely justified his receipt of the Nobel Prize.
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Nobel Prize Winners.
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344-66. The theory of pen junctions in semiconductors and pen junction transistors.
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Detailed balance limit of efficiency of pen junction solar cells.
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Schroen. Mobile electric charges on insulating oxides with application to oxide covered silicon pen junctions.
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