Marshaling Technology for Development Proceedings of a Symposium (1995) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Innovations in Energy Technology
Innovations in Energy Technology
Pages 175-188
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 175... ...
This paper addresses the role that electricity can and will play in the rapidly globalizing economy. And although the paper concentrates on the new technologies available for generating and delivering electricity, the innovative ways that recently have been found to utilize electricity to improve economic productivity, reduce environmental degradation, and move toward sustainable use of global energy resources are where much of the excitement resides.
|
From page 176... ...
Coal is the overwhelming resource in Asia, Russia, and North America; the only significant supply of oil is in the Middle East; and gas is particularly 400 m 300 o 11 ct ~ 200cn C' 100 Primary electricity Natural gas Traditional fuels . Coal & oil shale 1900 1930 1960 1990 FIGURE 1 World energy use.
|
From page 177... ...
Energy intensity is the amount of energy consumed (in equivalent metric tons of petroleum) to yield $1,000 of gross domestic product.
|
From page 178... ...
In these nations, energy technology has advanced so rapidly in a historical context that they can pass through the same development cycle using only a fraction of the energy required a century ago. Although the use of electricity has been closely linked to economic prosperity and improvements in social welfare, electrification has exaggerated the global disparities in energy use (Figure 3~.
|
From page 179... ...
The advantages of this turbine include high efficiency, low capital cost, low emissions, modularity, short lead time, and, at least for the foreseeable future, low fuel costs. These machines can be used in simple cycle or coupled with a heat-recovery steam turbine in a combined cycle mode.
|
From page 180... ...
and a number of industrial and utility partners, has attracted visitors from many different countries, all eager to see the cleanest power plant in the world. A comparison of the costs of the five currently available fossil systems that will set the competitive benchmark for electricity generation globally reveals that today's IGCC system can produce power at just over $0.04 per kilowatt-hour (Figure 6~.
|
From page 181... ...
181 _ nix ~:1 . WL ~ edits, ~' '~.
|
From page 182... ...
~ IL co 0 0 C) 00 ~ O Marshaling Technology for Development Fuel cost 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Operations and maintenance cost Capital cost Pulverized Coal Atmospheric Pressurized Gasification- Natural Gaswith Flue Gas Fluidized-Bed Fluidized-Bed Combined Fired Combined Desulfurization Combustion Combustion Cycles Cycles FIGURE 6 Cost of electricity from fossil fuel power technologies in the United States.
|
From page 183... ...
The systems were competing, however, in a size range that was the natural niche of combustion turbines, which burst on the scene as a fierce competitor in the late 1980s. Because the turbines could be installed for roughly one-tenth the capital costs of the Luz system ($3,000 per kilowatt-hour)
|
From page 184... ...
MODULARITY AND DISPERSED GENERATION Renewables, gas turbines, fuel cells, and other future generating options offer the advantages of modularity small, factory fabricated, and quickly installed. They can be placed close to the load, deferring the need to build and maintain transmission and distribution lines.
|
From page 185... ...
185 ~ L _ ~ ~ 1 1~ 1< no Up 01 no .
|
From page 186... ...
Macroelectronics brings the electronic switching capability typically found in microelectronics up to the half-million-volt level, effectively revolutionizing power delivery. Power can be sent to precisely where it is needed; network stability and power quality problems can be controlled; and long transmission lines can be strengthened.
|
From page 187... ...
CONCLUSION Electricity, whether 50 or 60 cycle or even direct current, can be converted to other forms or frequencies to provide high-value services from light to motive power, from communication networks to medical diagnostics and therapy, and from environmentally clean industrial processes to clean and efficient transportation systems. Just as the environment of many heavy industrial centers has been cleaned up using electric steelmaking and minimill technology, such urban centers as Los Angeles can be cleaned up using increasingly clean vehicles-internal combustion and electric in this decade.
|
From page 188... ...
While electricity will likely increase its market share as the form of choice, direct heating, furnaces, gas stoves, and internal combustion vehicles and airplanes also are likely to be evident for a long time. Fuel cells will probably offer an opportunity to convert to electricity at the point of use whether in the home, the office, or the automobile.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.