Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging (1996) / Chapter Skim
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1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Pages 1-12
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have been aided by advances in the resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , while advanced biomedical imaging techniques have improved care procedures in difficult medical situations such as brain surgery (Plate 1.1; plates appear after p.
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Magnetic resonance images of the aging brains of living subjects that show different degrees of atrophy of the hippocampal regions known to be involved in memory processes. The images at the top and on the bottom left are from a 73-year-old person with Alzheimer's disease, while that on the bottom right is from an 86-year-ol(1 athlete.
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Illustration courtesy of Thomas Budinger, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.) Data processing methods applied to conventional electrical recordings allow display of the spatial patterns of an electroencephalograph of the brain (Figure 1.4)
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The emerging imaging methods have the potential to help unravel major medical and societal problems, including the mental disorders of depression, schizophrenia, and ATzheimer's disease and metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. An example of an entirely new development is the integration of realtime MR:t as a means for monitoring interventional procedures ("interventional MRI")
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Some of the research challenges that could contribute to realization of this vision are described in Chapters 4 and 12 of this report. Many of the envisioned innovations in medical imaging are fundamentally dependent on the mathematical sciences.
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Algorithms for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of blood flow in the heart give erroneous results unless attenuation by intervening tissues of the radiation from the radionucTide is taken into account.
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, · Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, · Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Although this report emphasizes methodologies for visualizing internal body anatomy and function, some mention is warranted of the importance of improving techniques for the evaluation of human biology and disease processes through visualization of external features and functions. For example, sequential image-based descriptions of skin texture or color, gait, flexibility, and so on would require the development of convenient observation systems, perhaps with greater sensitivities than the human eye, and mathematical methods (e.g., artificial intelligence)
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While exponential improvements in computing power have contributed to the development of today s biomedical imaging capabilities, computing power alone does not account for the dramatic expansion of the field, nor will future improvements in computer hardware be a sufficient springboard to enable the development of the biomedical imaging tools described in this report. That development will require continued research in physics and the mathematical sciences, fields that have contributed greatly to biomedical imaging and win continue to do so.
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High-speed magnetic resonance imaging allows diagnosis of kidney functions through moment-to-moment visualization of uptake of the contrast agent gado:tinium (DTPA) , shown here at 2.S s intervals.
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can also show quantitative changes in metabolism during verbal processing, as indicated by spots of increased activity superposed on the MRI anatomic image of the cortex in the same subject. (illustration courtesy of U
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