Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging (1996) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 231-238
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From page 231... ...
system 145 artifacts 28, 60 motion-related 29, 66 patient-related 29 physics-related 28 ring-shaped 29 system-related 29 attenuation 24, 30, 91, 97, 98, 99, 126, 159, 202 coefficients 24, 91, 97-99 compensation 99 distribution 159, 202 distribution, non-uniform 91, 99 distribution, uniform 99 linear 24 SPECT 91, 97, 98 three-dimensional correction, 118 ultrasound 126 avalanche photodiodes 109 backprojection method 209 backpropagation method 127 Bayesian method 56, 59, 61, 204, 223, 224 beam forming 122, 124 beam hardening 25, 28, 30, 200 artifacts 25 beam propagation 123 boundary-element method (BEM) 136, 137, 150 biopsy 169, 173 Biot-Savart law 149, 213 Bloch equation 38, 209 blood flow 37, 62, 67, 106 imaging of 37 blood oxygen level dependent (B OLD)
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. see also scintillation cameras, scantillation crystals dielectric constant, changes in 143 diffraction integral 123 diffraction tomography 127, 206 diffusion 80-82 anisotropic 82 coefficients 65 measurements 66 diffusion MINI 49, 66 application to strokes 81 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
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From page 233... ...
4, 179, 180 forward models 153 forward problem 136, 215 Fourier optics 124 Fourier projection theorem 98, 113 Fourier reconstruction 117 Fourier space interpolation 211 Fourier transform 40, 52, 58, 117, 206, 210, 211, 222 FFT 56, 57, 60, 61, 222 functional imaging 3 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 1, 68, 70, 7274, 148 fuzzy logic 189 Gauss-Seidel algorithm 99 Gelfand-Levitan procedure 217 Gibbs-Markov random field 204 Gibbs ringing 57, 58 global thresholding 189 gradient coils 49, 51, 70, 72 for MRI 49 local 50, 51 surface 78 whole-body 49 gradient descent method 52 half-value layer 91 heart arrhythmia 135 heat surgery 177 Helmholtz equation 224 high-temperature superconductor 37 magnets 42 histogramming 189
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From page 234... ...
: 4, 66 interventional radiology 168 inverse problem 113, 114, 135-137, 14S, 202, 205, 206, 20S, 209, 214-216, 224 inversion algorithms for ETT 144 inversion problem 15S, 160 iterative reconstruction algorithms 98-101, 151 conjugate gradient 99 expectation maximization 99, 113 Gauss-SeidLel 99 k-space coverage 56 keyhole imaging 60 Klein-Nishina formula 118 Lagrange multipliers 52 LANDSAT 190 laser optical tomography 157' 160 layer stripping 209 Levenberg-Marquardt iterative method 216, 221 light tomography 208 limited-angle reconstruction, S PECT 101 linear attenuation coefficient 24 local gradient coils 50, 51 local RF coils 50 logarithmic stability 218 magnetic field gradients 70
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From page 235... ...
. imaging-see magnetic resonance imaging medicine imaging 89, 90, 95 objective function 138 optical tomography 15S, 161, 207, 20S, 216 data collection for 158 paramagnetic contrast agents 78 parametric estimation techniques 59 patient management 167 perturbation theory 127 phase aberration 124 phase-contrast MR imaging 62 phase errors 57 phase mapping methods 63, 64, 68 phased array system 123 photomultiplier tubes 90, 108 photon attenuation and scatter 97 physics-related artifacts 28 positron emission tomography (PET )
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From page 236... ...
154, 204 anatomical 193 use of 153, 154 projection on convex subsets (POCS) 223 puIsatile flow 63 pulse-echo techniques 126 pulse sequences 171 pulsed-field MRT 44 quantum efficiency 27 INDEX PET 113 three-dimensional 119 see also image reconstruction region growing 190 regularization methods INS, 214, 215, 217, 218 220-222 TiLhonov-Phil:lips 221 reprojection techniques 194 resolution 60, 65, 78-80, 90, 91, 93-96, 109, 110, 116, 121, 125-127, 144, 150, 152, 161, 206, 221 ETT 144 energy 117, 119 ESI 135 MSI 152 PET 110 spatial 23, 31, 33, 49, 51, 56, 58, 59, 90, 92, 94-96, 110, 135, 144, 152 SPECT 92, 94-96 temporal 49, 152 restoration filter 100 RF coils 41, 45 design 45, 51, 53 efficiency 52 local 50 partial-volume 50 ring detector based systems 26, 28 robot-assisted surgery 168 Rytov approximation 127 radiopharmaceuticals 90, 91 Radon inversion formula 200 Radon transform 200, 211, 212 attenuated 97 inverse 98 real-time imaging 168 reconstruction 26, 28, 56, 94, 96, 112, 135, 152, 158 reconstruction methods 33, 34, 60, 127 backpropagation method 127 limited-angle reconstruction 101 maximum a posterior)
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From page 237... ...
7, 9094, 96-102, 148, 159, 160, 203 brain 93 converging-beam 102 dynamic 93 heart 91, 99 instrumentation 90 92 sensitivity 96 singular value decomposition 193 spatial resolution 23, 31, 33, 49, 51, 56, 58, 59, 90, 92, 9496, 110, 135, 144, 152 speckle 124 SPECT detectors 95 cadmium zinc telluride 95 germanium 95 multi-detector systems 92, 93 semiconductor 95 silicon 95 SPECT image reconstruction 91, 96-99 237 iterative methods 99 limited-angle 101 SPECT system design see SPECT instrumentation 93 spectroscopic imaging 75, 76 spiral CT 23, 31, 33, 169 spiral scan methods 63 SQUlDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) 147, 148, 150, 153 stability, magnetic field 41 stability, mathematical 61, 160, 193, 201, 206-208, 217 estimate of 218 Holder stability 218 inverse problems 205, 206, 209 logarithmic 218 statistical edge fin(ling 189 stochastic model 203, 208, 223 surface morphology 190 surface rendering 194 surgery cryosurgery 177, 178, 194 minimally invasive 168 planning 173, 194 robot-assisted 168 thermal surgery 177 tracking during 175 synthesis of parametric images 192 system-related artifacts 29 temporal regularization 138 temporal resolution 49 tensor tomography 212 therapeutic intervention 167 three-dimensional attenuation correction 118 three-dimensional data acquisition 114, 116
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From page 238... ...
238 three-dimensional displays 31, 33, 74, 129 three-dimensional reconstruction algorithms 119 three-dimensional sampling 221 three-dimensional visualization 46, 172, 193, 194 thresholding 190 Tikhonov-Phillips regularization method 138, 218, 224 time domain methods 206 time-of-flight information 119 tissue fiber orientation 82 transducer development 122 transmission tomography 199, 202, 203, 216, 221 transport equation 207, 208, 215 transport operator 216 treatment planning 195 ultrasonics 4 ultrasound 14, 122, 167, 205, 215, 216 instrumentation 122 inverse scattering problem 127 system electronics 124 transducers 123, 180 ultrasound imaging 121, 122, 124, 127, 153, 169, 176, 178 reconstruction with backpropagation method 127 vectorcardiography (VCG) 134 vector tomography 212 visualization 8, 193 external 8 three-dimensional 46, 172, 193, 194 volume imaging 73 INDEX volume rendering 194 waveless 56, 61 wave numbers, handling large 207 weighted least squares 100 Wiener filter 100, 101 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 134 xeromammography 17 x-ray fluoroscope 167, 168 x-ray projection imaging 13, 14 x-ray sources, monochromatic 34 multiple monochromatic 21 tubes 26, 28, 29, 32, 34 x-ray tomography 208, 216
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