Ecologically Based Pest Management New Solutions for a New Century (1996) / Chapter Skim
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Pages 1-10
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Without benefit of the natural controls that keep pest populations in check, growers become increasingly dependent on chemical pesticides to which pests may eventually develop resistance. Thus there is an urgent need for an alternative approach to pest management that can complement and partially replace current chemically based pest-management practices.
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The concept of EBPM builds on the cultural and biological approaches to pest management that were in use prior to the widespread application of synthetic chemical pesticides. Many practices, such as crop rotation, fallowing, intercropping, and incorporation of organic matter into soils, served to conserve and foster populations and activities of biological control agents that were indigenous components of traditional agricultural ecosystems; nevertheless, pest outbreaks and crop and animal disease epidemics did occur.
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innovators should be recognized for conceiving a framework for an integrated approach to arthropod, weed, and pathogen pest management. IPM strives to manage pests using ecological principles of natural pest mortality factors; pest-predator relationships; genetic resistance; and cultural practices (National Research Council, 1989b)
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Because producers will implement only those pest control methods that lower economic risks and enhance profits, they will insist on assurances that biologically based tools are cost-effective and provide consistent responses. Alternative management strategies may indeed be less expensive than chemically based methods, but information to determine relative costs is not available and needs to be researched.
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EBPM requires development of biological-control organisms that can be used to mimic natural processes of pest suppression. Identification of biologicalcontrol organisms is leading to commercialized products that can effectively suppress specific pests with increased safety to human health and the environment.
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The lack of effective methodologies to characterize ecological systems hampers research aimed at generating the conceptual framework of agricultural and forestry ecosystems on which EBPM will be based. The development of molecular techniques useful in genetic manipulation of plants, insects, and microorganisms provide an unprecedented opportunity for optimization of host plant resistance or biological-control activity; but these techniques must be amended substantially to expand their usefulness from model
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From page 7... ...
Laboratory discoveries must be moved into agricultural practice to increase adoption of EBPM. Pest suppression activities of biological-control organisms can be demonstrated in the field to growers and pest managers, emphasizing the site-specific nature of EBPM methods.
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From page 8... ...
PUBLIC OVERSIGHT OF ECOLOGICALLY BASED PEST MANAGEMENT Wide-scale implementation of EBPM could require thousands of commercialized biological-control organisms, products, and resistant cultivars, each of which could be quite specific with respect to the target pest as well as the cropping system to which each could be applied. Public oversight is required to ensure that potential risks to human health or the environment are properly assessed and managed, thereby promoting public acceptance of the use of biological-control organisms and products or resistant cultivars.
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From page 9... ...
Experience, experimentation, and expert opinion should direct oversight attention to broad-spectrum organisms, products, or resistant plants and uses on major acreage crops where risk impact could be greatest. At the same time, effective review will exempt or remove from oversight those organisms, products, or resistant plants for which accumulated experience indicates low risk.
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From page 10... ...
Complexities and anomalies of the current regulatory system may be attributed to the overlapping jurisdiction of several agencies, the diversity of organisms to be regulated, and the attempt to make the decision-making "template" developed for registration of conventional chemical pesticides applicable to biological controls. It is essential that regulatory agencies assess risk using criteria and protocols that are appropriate to biological tools in contrast to broad-spectrum synthetic chemical pesticides.
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