The Use of Drugs in Food Animals Benefits and Risks (1999) / Chapter Skim
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1 Drugs Used in Food Animals: Background and Perspectives
1 Drugs Used in Food Animals: Background and Perspectives
Pages 12-26
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From page 12... ...
topical antiseptics, bactericides, and fungicides used to treat surface skin or hoof infections, cuts, and abrasions; (2) ionophores, which alter rumen microorganisms to provide more favorable and efficient energy substrates from bacterial conversion of feed and to impart some degree of protection against some parasites; (3)
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, the Pew Charitable Trust, the American Veterinary Medical Association, and the American Feed Industry Association, the National Research Council (NRC) established the Panel on Animal Health, Food Safety, and Public Health under the joint auspices of the Board on Agriculture and the Institute of Medicine's (IOM)
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From page 14... ...
revealed that citations focused on antibiotic resistance to human health outnumbered by almost ten-to-one those related to drug and chemical residues and their effect on human health. For example, within these categories, 1,649 papers were published on antibiotic residues, topical antiseptics, steroid and nonsteroid growth promoters, antiparasitic drugs, animal-directed chlorinated hydrocarbons, sulfa drugs, and arsenical compounds as follows: (AGRICOLA)
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From page 15... ...
In later chapters, the potential economic effects of reducing use or banning some antibiotics are presented and alternative management practices to reduce the use of antibiotics in food-animal production are reviewed. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS REPORTS Major reports issued on antibiotic drug use in food animals and related topics have been somewhat inconclusive in their findings or are currently outdated.
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From page 16... ...
reduced or averted the postulated hazards to human health." Antibiotics in Animal Feeds Council for Agricultural Science 1981 "Studies of long-term administration of antibiotics to & Technology, Report 88 humans indicate that infections due to bacteria resistant to antibiotics are dose-related. The literature reviewed showed no such infections with subtherapeutic dosages, but occasional infection with therapeutic doses.
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"[T] he committee was unable to find a substantial body of direct evidence that established the existence of a definite human health hazard in the use of subtherapeutic concentrations of penicillins and tetracyclines in animal feeds." Likeliest estimates for mortality were formulated.
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From page 18... ...
mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and (3) differentiation of relevant data from opinions that support or refute perceptions of health risks associated with the use of antibiotics in animals as well as particular aspects of antibiotic use in humans.
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THE ANTIBIOTIC ISSUE Antibiotics are used in food animals for treatment or prevention of disease and for increased production performance or increased efficiency of use of feed consumed by the animal for growth, product output, or modifying the nutrient composition of an animal product. Many times the drugs that improve the health of animals also enhance their growth and production performance because an animal can reduce that portion of the nutrition requirement associated with fighting subclinical diseases and bolstering health defense processes, thereby enhancing the portion of nutrients available for growth and production.
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The data needed to address the issue are sparse, although more aggressive measures for reporting, tracking, and characterizing infections are being used. The lack of appropriate data and the extrapolation of poorly validated data sometimes allow illogical conclusions to be drawn, resulting in fears and demands for regulation that are not founded on scientific information.
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From page 21... ...
As such, the economics of food-animal production depended on antibiotic and antimicrobial drug use in common animal production practices that facilitated the affordable, plentiful supply of meat and eggs, providing the quality, nutrition, and safety that consumers desired. Less than a decade after the first antibiotics were approved by the FDA for use in livestock (feed applications for enhanced production)
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From page 22... ...
. Food-Animal Antibiotic Resistance and Human Health Direct literature citations relevant to instances of transferred antibiotic resistance from animals to humans and development of clinical disease are relatively few, but they do exist.
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From page 23... ...
Human diseases caused by Campylobacter and Salmonella serve as a useful example for integrating many of the overlapping issues of animal antibiotic use and human health risk. Most frequently, people become ill after consuming food tainted with these organisms, which originate largely in food animals (ERS 1996b)
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The medical community is concerned about the threat of growing antibiotic resistance of human pathogens and about the contribution of antibiotic use in food-animal production to the emergence of resistance in human pathogens. Resistance problems are not solely a concern of the medical community.
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. Forty-five years after the initial approval of antibiotic-medicated feeds for livestock to improve overall health and increase productivity, the uses and applications for antibiotics are still growing in animal production facilities in the United States.
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From page 26... ...
, pathogenic or not, constitute a sensitive population that should be monitored more closely for the emergence of antibiotic resistance from animals? Since the inception of this report, there have been important changes in perceptions and priorities of federal agencies regarding animal antibiotic use.
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