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8 Approaches to Minimizing Antibiotic Use in Food-Animal Prodcution
Pages 188-209

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From page 188...
... If a goal of animal production specialists is to reduce overall use and, certainly, inappropriate use of antibiotics in food animals (NRC 1989a) , strate 188
From page 189...
... The need for antibiotic use in food animals is unlikely to be obviated totally, and strategies involving the prudent and judicious use of antibiotics can have a positive influence on the animal industries. However, what is possible through the integrated use of strategies that are less dependent on antibiotics is an overall reduction in disease incidence.
From page 190...
... ANIMAL MANAGEMENT Management practices encompass a large realm of procedures implemented at various stages in animal production. Although management practices might be considered routine, many have evolved as specific preventive measures to inhibit pathogenic infections and improve animal health and well-being (Swanson 1995)
From page 191...
... Moreover, building design can provide uniform distribution of air through all areas of an animal facility. Novel approaches, such as misting the animals with fresh water or providing cooling ponds, relieve animals from heat stress.
From page 192...
... . Under conditions of high relative humidity, chilling drinking water to 50°F has helped alleviate heat stress, resulting in increased feed intake, milk yield, and rumen motility, and in decreased respiration and body temperature (Baker et al.
From page 193...
... However, the use of vaccines for controlling food-borne pathogens (for example, Salmonella in poultry products and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine products) is a relatively unexplored method for reducing or eliminating pathogenic bacteria from the food chain.
From page 194...
... The current approach to attenuation in Salmonella species is to introduce mutations that decrease virulence while maintaining the ability to colonize lymphoid tissue, elicit immune response, and maintain genetic stability. This strategy is being used to produce patented live virulent Salmonella vaccines to control Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in many animal species (Cooper et al.
From page 195...
... . Oral DNA administration is effective in eliciting localized mucosal immune response, where the first site of pathogen interaction might be the mucosal surface itself.
From page 196...
... Some proposed benefits of normal gut flora and probiotics are improved survival of newborns, reduction or prevention of diarrhea, increased growth rate, improved feed efficiency, and enhanced immune response (Stark and Wilkenson 1988)
From page 197...
... . Probiotics also have been shown to improve production performance by increasing average daily gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (Abe et al.
From page 198...
... • Cleaning outside feed spills to avoid attracting rodents and birds. • Providing secure manure storage and disposal.
From page 199...
... The data further showed that it was impossible to account for the entire increased energy expenditure by higher feed consumption. Increased energy expenditure from fighting the infection coupled with decreased intake resulted in excessive energy wasting and loss of weight.
From page 200...
... , dairy cows given intramammary INF-γ had fewer infected mammary gland quarters, exhibited milder clinical symptoms, and experienced infections of shorter duration (Table 8–1)
From page 201...
... The administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) to lactating dairy cows also was found to markedly increase total leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations in blood and milk (Table 8–2)
From page 202...
... immune function associated with changes in dietary components, but much of the work is unrepeatable and, therefore, questionable with regard to the stated conclusions. In addition, the complexity of immune system functions and interactions that appear to be affected by some aspect of nutrition are so extensive that studies performed in vitro on isolated cells or nonspecific blastogenic responses of immune cells do not reflect the nature of the in vivo interactions.
From page 203...
... (1993) found that dietary supplementation with vitamin E and selenium decreased the incidence and duration of clinical mastitis by producing a more rapid influx of neutrophils into infected mammary glands and increasing intracellular killing of ingested bacteria.
From page 204...
... (1993) observed that dietary selenium supplementation resulted in a more rapid influx of neutrophils into infected mammary glands and increased intracellular killing of ingested bacteria.
From page 205...
... However, research examples such as those cited below and previously in this chapter do support the view that mineral supplementation can affect health status of food animals. Selenium alone or in combination with vitamin E has been effective in reducing the incidence and severity of several reproductive problems in livestock, such as retained placentas, metritis, and other dysfunctions thought to reflect abnormal immune function or a predisposition to infection resulting from the stress of parturition and shift in metabolism to support lactation (Barnouin and Chassagne 1991; Jankowski 1993)
From page 206...
... The use of chromium supplementation as a means of increasing animal health must be viewed with some caution. A recent summary of the function of chromium in animal nutrition (NRC 1997)
From page 207...
... Knowledge of the genetic correlation between disease resistance and immune responsiveness traits and production traits will be required to include these traits in livestock selection (Rothschild 1991)
From page 208...
... RECOMMENDATIONS • The committee recommends increased investment of research funds on the influence of nutrition and other management practices on immune function and disease resistance in all species of food animals. Such investment, aimed
From page 209...
... Likewise, research on integrating the immune and production responses, including genetic selection, will benefit the quest to reduce dependence on drug use to maintain production capabilities. Genetic selection, molecular genetic engineering of food animals for disease resistance, and immune enhancement could increase the efficiency of milk and meat production.


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