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From page 239... ... , 139, 162, 174, 190 in rotation, 31, 33, 72, 160 Animal Drug Availability Act (ADAA) , 6, 10, routes, 34-37, 82, 83, 85, 103 99-100, 107 subtherapeutic doses, 71-72, 151 Animal health industry, economics of therapeutic doses, 157, 158 subtherapeutic drug use, 180, 186 Aerococcus viridans, 59 Animal Health Institute (AHI) Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... , 5, 10, 97-99, 107 mechanisms of action, 28, 143-145, 154Anthelmintic, 54, 55-56, 82 155 Antibiotic drug use. See also Ban on metabolism modifiers administered with, subtherapeutic antibiotic use; 146 Subtherapeutic antibiotic use nonsystemic, 82 animal management alternatives to, 9, 190- over-the-counter availability, 4, 6, 46, 65, 202 81, 182, 186 applications, 2, 4, 19, 28, 71 protein secreton inhibitors, 147 for aquaculture, 59 protein synthesis inhibitors, 146-147 for beef cattle, 52, 175 residues in foods, 14, 21, 63, 116-117, 118 benefits, 1-2, 4, 13, 21, 25, 29, 68, 72, 73- synthetic, 146, 163, 168 75, 107, 174-175 systemic, 82 case studies, 166-176 toxicity to humans, 6, 77, 81-82, 83-84, 144 concerns, 15, 24, 25-26, 142-143, 155 Antibiotic resistance in dairy industry, 45, 46, 47-48, 52, 119-120 administration regimen and, 31, 33, 72, disease eradication and, 190, 206 151, 160, 162, 163-164 genetics and, 207-208 animal management practices and, 150-153, growth promotion with, 28, 31, 34, 51-53, 159 81, 153-154 age of animal population and, 166 hazards (potential) Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... See also Meat literature, 14 uses, 1, 12 and antibiotic resistance, 162, 167, 169 breeding programs, 207 AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 112, 125, 126 disease prevention, 50, 51-53, 159, 175, Apramycin, 42, 164, 165, 167 Aquaculture industry 180 economics, 25, 51, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, compassionate INADs, 94 187 drug use in, 2, 13, 58-60, 94, 101, 119, 149. See also Fish and shellfish growth promotion, 50, 51, 53, 56, 154 history and growth, 48-49, 102 growth and structure, 56-58 management strategies, 50, 67, 191, 206 management strategies, 58, 206 quality assurance, 58 microbiological hazards, 75, 130-131 quality assurance program, 67-68 residues in fish and shellfish, 119 residues in slaughtered animals, 83 Arcobacter spp., 127, 128-129 Arizona, 192 specialty producers, 181 structure of industry, 30, 49 Arkansas, 30 therapeutic drug use, 51-53, 74, 180, 182 Arsanilate, 32 Arsanilate sodium, 43 trends in drug use, 25, 50-51 vaccinations, 50, 53 Arsenical compounds, 14, 31, 33, 34, 38, 116 Beef Quality Assurance program, 67-68 117, 118 Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... pertussis, 194 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 22, Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 207 85-86, 88, 127, 130, 133, 139, 140, 170, Bovine lingual antimicrobial peptide, 147 174 Bovine lymphocyte antigen, 207-208 Cephalosporins, 77, 161, 162 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, 45 Cephalothin, 162, 165 Bovine somatotropin, 2, 13, 48 Cephapirin, 45 Bovine viral diarrhea, 45 Chemical residues in animals, 58, 61, 161 Breeding, 40, 44, 47, 48, 49 Chemotherapeutic compounds, 43 for disease resistance, 35, 206-208 Chickens. See Poultry Brucella spp., 127 Chilodonella spp., 59 B Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... See also Therapeutic drug use; Dactylogyrus spp., 59 Subtherapeutic drug use; Vaccination Dairy industry. See also Drug residues in milk in beef cattle, 50, 51-53 antibiotic drug use, 45, 46, 47-48, 52, 119- breeding programs, 207-208 120, 162 culling, 47-48, 206 breeding programs, 208 in dairy industry, 44, 45-47, 52, 162 disease control, 44, 45-47, 52, 162, 191, eradication programs, 55, 60-61, 190, 206 197 in poultry, 31-33, 34, 38-40, 60-61, 158 economics, 25, 45-46 159, 169-170, 171-172, 175, 180, 206 food-borne pathogens from, 75 prophylactic treatments, 45 heat stress management, 191-192 in sheep, 55-56 history and growth of, 44, 102 spontaneous recovery, 47, 48 human health risks, 46-47, 162-163 in swine, 41-42, 43, 74, 75, 158-159, 163, integration of, 30, 44 175, 180, 190, 206 management strategies, 44, 64-65, 191-192, Drug Importation Act, 88 197, 199, 201, 203-205 Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... 244 INDEX Drug residues in foods. See also Drug residues E in milk action levels, 114 Echinococcus multilocularis, 194 administration route and, 82, 85, 103 Economics issues anabolic compounds, 50 antibiotic resistance, 150 analytical methods, 111-112, 113-115, 119, cost of medications, 31, 35, 36-37, 51 123, 140, 141 drug development costs, 96, 99, 101-103, carcinogenic, 82 106-107, 149 Compound Evaluation System, 116 food-animal production, 1, 4, 21, 24-25, 75 defined, 112 food-borne illnesses, 38, 138 exposure potential, 113, 116 subtherapeutic drug use, 179-187 in fish and seafood, 58, 119, 140 testing for residues, 125 foreign standards, 104-105 Economic Research Service, USDA, 13 human health risks from, 6, 50, 81-86, 87, Ectoparasites, 31, 50 100-103, 116 Edwardsiella ictaluri, 59 maximum residue levels, 82, 114 Efrotomycin, 25, 42 in meat and poultry, 33, 41, 51, 83, 115-119 Egg Products Inspection Act, 111 microbial contamination risks compared, Eimeria, 39, 194 85-86, 87 Endectocides, 51 monitoring and enforcement, 67, 84, 111, Endotoxins, 146 113-114, 115-119, 123, 140, 141 Enforcement of regulations pharmacokinetics in diseased animals and, product labeling, 96-97 140-141 recommendations, 141 recommendations, 141 residues in foods, 115 regulatory and approval process, 82, 100- responsibility for, 84 103, 107, 110-111, 114-115 Enteric septicemia, 59, 73 risk assessment, 100-103, 116, 117 Enteritis, 44, 54, 57, 127, 164, 165 safe levels, 114 Enterococcus spp., 74, 79, 152-153 screening, 6, 65-66, 111-112 Enterotoxemia, 47, 55 surveillance testing, 115-116, 123-124, 140 Enzootic abortion, 55 standard setting, 84, 105-106, 108-109, Epididymitis, 55 111-113 Epistylis spp., 59 target tissue sites, 113-114, 117 Erysipelas, 31, 41, 43 tolerance levels, 104-105, 108, 111, 114, Erysipelothrix rhusiopatheae, 75, 128-129, 194 117, 119 Erythromycin, 32, 42, 45, 52, 55, 75, 82, 160, toxicity, 81-82, 103, 112-113 162 tracking, 41, 113-115 Escherichia coli violations, 83, 115, 116-117, 118, 183 in cattle, 130-131, 193, 201 Drug residues in milk compounds available for treating infections, analytical methods, 119, 122, 124-126 35, 163-164 controversies, 125-126 drug-resistant, 22, 39, 153, 155, 156, 159, database program, 120 163-164, 165, 166, 169, 174, 196 monitoring and enforcement, 120, 124-125 enterotoxigenic, 196 Pasteurized Milk Ordinance, 63, 64, 66, immune function mediators and, 201 119, 121-122, 123, 125, 126 in meat and meat products, 128-133 testing for, 65-66, 122-124, 125-126 monitoring, 140 tracking, 46 nonpathogenic, in gut flora, 39 violation rates, 120-121 nutrition and, 203 Duck, 57 O157:H7 strain, 72, 74, 127, 128-135, 138, Dysentery, 75 155, 193, 194 Dystocia, 44 in poultry, 35, 39, 134-135, 153, 194, 196 scours, 43 Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... , 73, 130. Gaffkemia, 59 See also Center for Veterinary Medicine Gastroenteritis, 43 Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, 89, 96 Gastrointestinal diseases, 50 Compliance Policy Guides, 63 Geese, 56 food safety responsibilities, 138, 139, 140 Genetic selection strategies, 35, 207-208 Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance, 63, Gentamycin, 32, 42, 52, 83, 162, 165, 169 64, 66, 121-122 Gentamycin sulfate, 34 history, 88 Georgia, 30 milk safety program, 119, 120, 123 Germany, 38, 166, 169, 170 monitoring activities, 5, 85-86, 115, 119 Goats, 56, 57, 83, 101, 102, 149 Office of Seafood, 119 Gonadotropins, 55 Officer of the Commissioner, 174 Good laboratory practice (GLP) Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... bacterial Israel, 192 infections, 22, 24, 69 Ivermectin, 57, 116-117, 118 Human health risks animal-to-human transfer of disease, 78, 79, 80, 86-87, 143, 161-162, 168, 171, 172 J antibiotic resistance and, 2, 4, 7, 9, 13, 21, 22-26, 69, 70, 76-78, 79, 86-87, 138, Japan, 104, 105 150, 154-155, 160, 161-166, 168, 172 Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, carcinogens, 82 106 cases of disease, 3, 22-23 from dairy cattle, 46-47 hospital-acquired infections compared, 22, K 24, 69 Kanamycin, 162, 165 magnitude of threat, 2, 3, 9, 23-24, 70, 77 78, 86 manure exposure and, 79, 87 L mathematical model, 18 from poultry, 38-40 Labels/labeling, drug, 65, 67, 96, 100 regulatory and approval process and, 100- Lactobacillus spp., 39-40, 196 103 Laminitis, 44 from residues in food, 81-86, 100-103, 116 Lasalocid, 32, 52, 56 sensitive populations, 8, 9, 25-26, 70 Leptospira interrogans, 127 steroid growth promoters, 50 Leptospirosis, 43, 45, 53, 72, 74 of subtherapeutic antibiotic use in animals, Levamisole, 116-117, 118 18, 75, 76, 150, 160 Lice, 43 toxicity of antibiotics, 6, 77, 81-82, 83-84 Lincoln, Abraham, 88 Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... See also Food-borne pathogens; specific N pathogens costs of, 138 Nalidixic acid, 165, 168, 169, 173 illness determinants, 131-133 Narasin, 32 magnitude and severity of threat, 69, 86, 87, National Antimicrobial Monitoring System, 137-138 174 meat and meat products, 127-136, 141 National Antimicrobial Susceptibility milk and other dairy products, 121-122, Monitoring Program, 140 133, 136 National Aquaculture Association, 60 poultry, 35, 38-40, 75, 134-135 National Broiler Council, 60, 61 prevention, 71, 195-196 National Cattlemen's Association, 51 recommendations, 141 National Cattlemen's Beef Association, 60, 67 residue risks compared, 85-86, 87 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory risk assessment, 140 Standards (NCCLS) , 170, 171 routes of, 127 National Conference on Interstate Milk surveillance and monitoring of, 85-86, 138, Shipments (NCIMS) Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... See also Antibiotic resistance; National Surveillance for Antibiotic Resistance Food-borne pathogens; Microbial in Zoonotic Enteric Pathogens, 174 contamination of food; specific National Turkey Federation, 60 pathogens Chemical Residue Avoidance Program, 61 adaptation to environment, 76-77 National Turkey Improvement Plan, 60 animal-to-human transfer, 78, 79, 80, 86National Veterinary Services Laboratory, 162 87, 143, 161-162 Necrotic enteritis, 39 eradication of, 35 Nematode control, 45 Pathogen Reduction Task Force, 85-86, 130 Neomycin, 32, 42, 52, 55, 57, 82, 83, 162, 164, Penicillin, 18, 20, 21, 32, 38, 39, 42, 45, 51-53, 165, 166, 167 55, 57, 81, 82, 83, 85, 117, 119, 143, Nequinate, 32 144, 148, 154, 155, 156, 161, 162, 163Netherlands, 166, 170, 171 164, 166, 169 Newcastle disease, 31, 61 Pennsylvania, 204 Nicarbazin, 32 Peptide production enhancers, 2, 13 Nitrarsone, 33 Pfisteria, 101 Nitrofurans, 25, 33, 35, 82, 84, 97, 102, 164 Pheasant, 57 Nitrofurazone, 82, 165 Phenothiazine, 57 Nitroimidazole, 82, 84, 102 Pinkeye, 44, 50 Nonpathogenic bacteria, 8-9, 176 Pirlimycin, 45 Nonsteroid growth promoters, 14 Poison Control Center, 95 North Carolina, 30, 40, 98 Porcine stress syndrome, 207 Nourseotricin, 153 Pork Quality Assurance (PQA) program, 61-63 Novobiocin, 32, 45, 57, 82, 162 Poultry and poultry products Nutrition, 11, 30, 50, 192, 202-206 drug residues in, 33, 83, 115-119 microbial contamination, 35, 38-40, 75, 134-135, 168 O Poultry production and antibiotic resistance, 18, 32, 153, 158, Office of Science and Technology Policy, 140 162, 167, 168, 169-170, 171-172 Office of Technology Assessment, 22, 76 breeding programs, 207 Oleandomycin, 32, 42, 82 Clostridium infections, 39-40 Organochlorine and organophosphate concerns, 35 compounds, 14, 116-117, 118 cost of medications, 35, 36-37 Ormetoprin, 59 day-old-chick vaccination, 31, 34 Over-the-counter antibiotic sales, 4, 6, 46, 65, disease control, 31-33, 34, 38-40, 60-61, 81, 182, 186 158-159, 169-170, 171-172, 175, 180, Overcrowding, management of, 193 206 Oxazolidinones, 146 drug approval process, 103 Oxolinic acid, 119 drug use history and trends, 31-34, 35, 169Oxytetracycline, 32, 33, 42, 45, 52, 53, 55, 59, 170 75, 94, 154 economics of, 25, 30-31, 181, 184, 185, 186-187 Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... See antibiotic development and use, 10, 177, also Prophylactic treatments; Subtherapeutic antibiotic use 178 antibiotic resistance surveillance, 11, 177Probiotics, 39-40, 195-197 178 Production enhancers, in dairy industry, 48 Production of food animals. See also Animal consumer education, 178 database, 177 management practices; individual food animal identification, 178 industries intensiveness, 21, 29 monitoring and enforcement, 141 nutrition research, 11, 208-209 size of industry, 101, 102 regulatory and approval process, 10, 107 trends, 27, 29 Productivity effects of antibiotic resistance, 43 109, 177 vaccination research, 11, 209 Prophylactic use of drugs in beef industry, 50, 180 Records, treatment, 4, 65, 66, 67 Regulations, 89, 94-95, 96, 97, 106 in dairy industry, 45, 197 Regulatory and approval process. Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... See Drug residues in food satA-gene-mediated streptogramines, 79 Resistance, defined, 77. See also Antibiotic Scours, 43, 44 resistance Screening for drug residues in food, 6, 65-66, Respiratory disease complex, 50, 53 111-112, 145-148 Respiratory infections, 44, 50, 52, 54, 55 analytical approaches, 111-112 Rifamycin, 77 confirmatory methods, 112 Robenidine, 32 Screwworm control, 55 Rockefeller University, 80 Scyphidia spp., 59 Roosevelt, Theodore, 88 Selection pressures, 77, 150, 154, 169, 176 Roxarsone, 32, 33, 43 Selenium, 203, 204, 205, 206 Rumen foaming, 2, 13 Sentinel Site Study, 86, 130 Septicemia, 146 Sheep production S antibiotic resistance, 167 disease control, 55-56 Sales of animal drugs, 103 drug use in, 55-56, 101, 149 Salmonella spp., 127 economics, 25 animal-to-human transfer, 162-163, 171, 172 growth of industry, 54, 102 in cattle, 162, 167, 169 management strategies, 54-55 drug-resistant, 22, 23, 136, 150, 156, 158, microbiological hazards, 75, 132-133 159, 162, 163, 164-166, 167, 169, 171, residues in slaughtered animals, 83 172-173, 174, 196 Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... suis, 74 187 Streptomycin, 21, 32, 42, 45, 52, 55, 57, 82, growth and metabolic performance, 42-43, 144, 158-159, 162, 163-164, 165, 166, 154 172 integration of industry, 30, 40-41, 49 Streptothricin, 153 management systems, 41, 181, 191, 197Stress, and bacterial infection, 71, 159, 180, 198, 206 202 microbiological hazards, 128-129 Subtherapeutic antibiotic use. see also Ban on residues in slaughtered animals, 83, 85 subtherapeutic antibiotic use size of industry, 40, 102 administration strategies, 71-72, 151, 157 slaughter rejection, 75, 76 and antibiotic resistance, 7, 18, 79, 81, 150, therapeutic drug use, 182 151, 154, 156, 179 criticisms of, 156 definition of, 4, 15, 28, 180 T economic analysis, 107, 179-187 Testing feed quality, 61 human health risks, 18, 75, 76, 150, 160 importance, 68, 154, 157 Testing for drug residues analytical methods, 111-112, 113-115, 119, low therapeutic dose distinguished from, 51 123, 140 mechanism of action, 77, 154, 157 substitutes for, 182, 189-190 in milk, 122-124, 125-126 toxicity, 112-113 swine, 41, 42-43 unresolved issues, 125-126 trends, 25 uses, 4, 28, 42-43, 68 Tetracycline, 18, 21, 32, 38, 42, 50, 51-53, 78, 81, 82, 83, 120, 152-153, 156, 159, 160, Sulfa drugs, 14, 81, 94, 120, 145-146, 148, 160 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 172 Sulfabromomethazine, 52 Sulfacetamide, 84 Texas, 54, 136 Thailand, 170 Sulfachloropyrazine, 32, 43, 52, 84 Therapeutic drug use Sulfadimethoxine, 52, 84, 120 administration regimen, 34-35, 157 Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... Public Health Service, 88, 90, 119, 121, Topical drugs, 1, 12, 82 122 Toxic shock syndrome, 146 U.S. Trout Farmers Association, 60 Toxic Substances Control Act, 111 Toxicity of food-animal drugs, 81-82, 83-84, 103, 112-113, 144 V Toxoplasma gondii, 127 Vaccinations, 127 Toxoplasmosis, 72 Tracking beef cattle, 50, 53, 193 dairy cattle, 45, 193 antibiotic resistance, 7, 70, 140, 157, 160, 162-166, 168, 174, 176 eradication of disease, 206 mutations introduced by, 194 drug residues in food, 113-115 nucleic acid, 195 Trenbolone, 53 Trends pathogen targets, 193-194 poultry, 31, 33, 35, 40, 193, 194 in antibiotic resistance, 78-81 research recommendations, 11, 209 in drug use, 31-34, 50-51 Tricaine methanesulfonate, 59 sheep, 55 swine, 41, 43, 194 Trichinella spiralis, 127 Vancomycin, 18, 22, 79, 152-153, 166, 168 Trichodina spp., 59 Trimethoprim, 146, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, Veal production, 53-54, 101, 102, 163, 181 Veterinarian-client-patient relationship 167, 172 (VCPR) Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... INDEX 253 Withdrawal Z diets, 34 intervals, 99 Zeranol, 53, 55-56 times, 33, 38, 67, 83, 84, 90, 96, 97, 99, Zinc, 205, 206 113, 117, 126, 161 Zoalene, 32 World Health Organization (WHO) , 17, 18, 78, Zoonotic disease transfer, 8, 18, 69-70, 72, 74, 106 87, 150-151, 154, 160, 162-163, 176 Worms, 31, 33, 43, 50, 55, 56, 57 Zoothamnium spp., 59 Wyoming, 54 Y Yersinia spp., 74 Y Read the entire page →

From page 239...

... , 139, 162, 174, 190 in rotation, 31, 33, 72, 160 Animal Drug Availability Act (ADAA) , 6, 10, routes, 34-37, 82, 83, 85, 103 99-100, 107 subtherapeutic doses, 71-72, 151 Animal health industry, economics of therapeutic doses, 157, 158 subtherapeutic drug use, 180, 186 Aerococcus viridans, 59 Animal Health Institute (AHI)

Index Pages 239-253

Index
Pages 239-253