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2 Food-Animal Production Practices and Drug Use
Pages 27-68

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From page 27...
... antibiotics and parasiticides to treat active infection or prevent disease onset in situations that induce high susceptibility; and (3) antibiotic drugs and hormones for production enhancement, growth promotion, and improved feed efficiency.
From page 28...
... The producer 1Antibiotics are used in food animals therapeutically to treat disease and sub-therapeutically (at <200 g/t of feed) to increase production performance, to increase efficiency in the use of feed for growth or output, and to modify the nutrient composition of an animal product.
From page 29...
... Strong incentives for the use of these drugs exist to assure the public that only healthy animals enter the food chain and to maintain the profitability of the industry. A significant limit to animal production efficiency is any form of disease stress that animals might encounter in their production lives.
From page 30...
... The dairy industry, by its very nature, involves some degree of vertical integration, and the beef and sheep industries remain largely unintegrated. Some effort has been made, starting with the processors, to integrate beef cattle production, but in general the various segments of these industries continue to operate independently.
From page 31...
... in grower rations, as well as an arsenical, and an antibiotic (Table 2–2) for improved feed efficiency and body weight gains and for reduced morbidity and mortality.
From page 32...
... Source: Compiled from FDA Approved Animal Drug List (Green Book) , 1998a, and Feed Additive Compendium, 1997.
From page 33...
... The integrator companies have much to gain by avoiding altogether any hint of problems, such as drug residues in poultry foods. This constitutes a powerful motivation to control drug and chemical use.
From page 34...
... First and foremost, monitoring reduces any potential risk that drug residues will remain in tissues, and second, the difference in cost between withdrawal diets and grower diets is substantial. The cost differences might exceed $20/t; if grower feed were fed in place of withdrawal feed, the cost of gain would increase.
From page 35...
... The amount of antibiotics administered to poultry, especially the amount administered in medicated feeds, declined for the following reasons: • use of preventive medicine, including implementation of biosecurity procedures, vaccination, genetic selection, and eradication of various pathogens, resulting in specific-pathogen-free stocks; • reduction in the number of available efficacious compounds for treating respiratory diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida, and for treating other infections such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus; • efforts to control cost, including improving environmental conditions and culling unhealthy birds; • concentration and focus on residue avoidance; and • innovation on the part of manufacturers of vaccines and biological agents to rapidly meet the demands of industry when exotic diseases occur. These reasons notwithstanding, there is cause for concern in the poultry industry.
From page 37...
... Total Live Cost (¢/lb live weight) Total Live Cost Hen turkey 32 0.165 0.52 0.083 0.26 Tom turkey 26 0.231 0.64 0.116 0.32 Broiler -- c 0.060 0.22 0.140 0.50 FOOD-ANIMAL PRODUCTION PRACTICES AND DRUG USE aWater-soluble medication only, excluding feed-grade drugs.
From page 38...
... The primary reason for the use of nonsystemic growth promoters is for specific activity against clostridial species. The current practices of drug use for growth promotion in poultry are (1)
From page 39...
... . Competitive exclusion products (cultures of live mixed populations of normal gut flora that competitively outgrow some undesirable bacteria and, therefore, aid in controlling enteric pathogens)
From page 40...
... . In the future, much of the effort to control pathogens in food animals, including poultry, will depend on the increased use of vaccination programs.
From page 41...
... . Disease Control and Use of Drugs and Chemicals Pork producers and herd veterinarians view human food safety as an integral part of total herd health programs.
From page 42...
... Source: Compiled from FDA Approved Animal Drug List (Green Book) , 1998a, and Feed Additive Compendium, 1997.
From page 43...
... Source: Compiled from FDA Approved Animal Drug List (Green Book) , 1998a, and Feed Additive Compendium, 1997.
From page 44...
... Therefore, it is important that dairy farmers in conjunction with herd veterinarians practice sound management and health programs to maintain optimal herd health. As with the other food-animal species, prevention is the key to the control of diseases in dairy cattle; however, maintaining a healthy herd is also highly dependent on therapeutic drug use to treat such diseases as laminitis, anaplasmosis, pinkeye, coccidiosis, foot rot, metritis, respiratory infections, dystocia, enteritis, and, of course, mastitis.
From page 45...
... Source: Adapted from FDA Approved Animal Drug List (Green Book) , 1998a, and Feed Additive Compendium, 1997.
From page 46...
... . More than 80 percent of dairy farmers used veterinarians to treat sick animals and supply drugs relating back to a high level of accountability for drug use in the dairy industry.
From page 47...
... Given the potential for drug residues in dairy products, the industry is seeking alternatives to antibiotic use in herd health programs. Antibiotic Drug Use A comprehensive program of mastitis control has been adopted for reducing the incidence of intramammary infections in dairy cows.
From page 48...
... has established an important role for somatotropin in the dairy industry. Today recombinant DNA-derived somatotropin is approved by FDA for use in dairy cattle to boost milk production.
From page 49...
... . Vertical integration, which typifies the broiler industry and is increasing in the hog industry, has not made much progress in the beef industry.
From page 50...
... For 28 to 65 days they also are given a prophylactic combination of tetracycline and sulfamethazine to prevent disease during the initial stressful period accompanying feedlot entry. Other antibiotic drugs are fed throughout the finishing period, including ionophores to improve feed efficiency and growth rate and tylosin to prevent liver abscesses (Koch and Algeo 1983)
From page 51...
... The parasiticides include 11 wormers, 2 coccidiostats, 4 ectoparasiticides, and 1 endectocide. Additionally, insecticides and insecticidal ear tags for beef cattle are approved by EPA.
From page 52...
... Source: Compiled from FDA Approved Animal Drug List (Green Book) , 1998a, and Feed Additive Compendium, 1997.
From page 53...
... a result of the suggestion to limit the use of these drugs pending results of research on human health. Vaccinations Like dairy cattle, beef cattle are vaccinated against brucellosis, leptospirosis, clostridial infections, and a bovine respiratory complex of diseases, which usually include IBR and PI3.
From page 54...
... Out of concern for veal animal well-being and for the industry, FDA now permits the use of some drugs already approved for beef or dairy cattle when they are used in veal calves under a valid veterinarian–client–patient relationship (VCPR) to ensure safe drug use and optimize animal health.
From page 55...
... Although antibacterials are helpful for treating lambs with enteritis, enterotoxemia, or colibacillosis, they are critical to control respiratory diseases, including shipping fever. Six antibiotics are approved for use in sheep (Shepard et al.
From page 56...
... At this time, however, the sheep industry is too small to justify the investments required to develop many drug products, particularly those that would be used only for sheep. MINOR SPECIES Goats are the most important of the minor food animals.
From page 57...
... U.S. oyster growers have not been able to increase production sufficiently to meet increasing demands for exports to Asia, Japan, Taiwan, and Canada.
From page 58...
... As with other food-animal industries, industry-developed and industry-directed aquaculture quality-assurance programs are preferred to monitor compounds that come into contact with food fish. Compounds commonly used in the aquaculture industry that might be considered a potential threat to food safety and consumer health include animal drugs and veterinary biologics, pesticides, disinfectants, and water-treatment compounds.
From page 59...
... Source: Adapted from Drugs Approved for Use in Aquaculture, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Revised June, 1995; http://www.fda.gov:80/cvm/fda/infores/ other/aqua/appendixa.html
From page 60...
... Among such groups are the National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) , the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, the National Milk Producers Federation, the American Sheep Industry Association, the American Veal Association, the National Broiler Council, the National Turkey Federation, the United Egg Producers, the Catfish Farmers of America, the National Aquaculture Association, and the U.S.
From page 61...
... program. It was designed to help producers avoid violative drug residues, improve management practices, reduce production costs, and increase awareness of food safety concerns.
From page 62...
... All producers are encouraged to learn and implement the 10 "good production practices" defined in the booklet. Producers can achieve Level III through a professional consultation, which takes them step-by-step through the design of a herd health program.
From page 63...
... The guide describes the records FDA inspectors would ask to see when doing on-farm investigations after a violative drug residue has been discovered. The guide addresses identification of treated animals; maintenance of treatment records; storage, labeling, and accounting of medications; use of prescription products only through a valid VCPR; and education of employees and family members.
From page 64...
... Dairy farmers need the benefit of a valid VCPR to make sure they are following the veterinarian's instructions properly.
From page 65...
... Dairy farmers must identify treated animals with a paint stick, leg bands, hock markers, neck strap, numbered ear tags, or other marking devices. Proper identification is crucial for keeping violative drug residues out of milk and meat.
From page 66...
... Although the incentive of reduced costs associated with a sound herd health program has not enticed a majority of producers to adopt the 10-point plan voluntarily, it still should be a major focus of preventive herd health management. The resulting decrease in disease and increase in production also would lead to a decrease in finding violative drug residues.
From page 67...
... . In the past few years, the BQA program has launched an aggressive effort designed to eliminate injection site tissue damage resulting from intramuscular administration of animal health products.
From page 68...
... Finally, the BQA program is prepared to launch a major quality-assurance initiative for cull dairy and beef cows. Violative drug residues in cull dairy and beef cows remain a major concern for the industry.


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