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Radiation in Medicine A Need for Regulatory Reform (1996) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 299-308

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From page 299...
... See also Misadministration anesthesia, 123 blood transfusions, 123-124 data availability, 120-121, 153, 171 human error, 117 iatrogenic injury, 117 inappropriate and unnecessary care, 125-127 nonradiological medical interventions, 121-125 prescription drugs, 122-123 rates, 118 n.3, 124-125, 136 reduction strategies, 126-127 Agreement State Program (NRC) administration, 3, 8-9, 19, 42 brachytherapy regulation, 73 costs, 19, 91, 108, 146, 177-178 establishment, 256 and Medical Use Program, 7, 28 end misadministrations, 118, 119 NRC oversight, 6, 8-9, 28, 85-86 299 participants and nonparticipants, 244-245 performance indicators, 86 and quality management rule, 84, 256 radionuclide regulation, 61 teletherapy regulation, 69-70 American Association for Nuclear Cardiology, 279 American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 73, 269, 273, 274, 275, 277, 280 American Board of Nuclear Medicine, 267, 268, 269, 272, 273, 275, 277, 279, 280 American Board of Radiology, 267-268 American Cancer Society, 64 American College of Medical Physics, 268, 274, 275, 277, 279 American College of Nuclear Physicians, 34, 267, 275, 277 American College of Radiology, 12, 34, 47, 67-69, 73, 90, 144, 145, 165, 267, 269-270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277-278, 279, 280 American Medical Association, 268, 276
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From page 300...
... Rule Part 50, 286 Parts 170 and 171, 94 recommended revisions, 15-16, 18, 176-177 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 900, 51-52 Part 1020, 52 Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination, 253, 271 Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, 286, 287288 Committee on the Pathological Effects of Atomic Radiation, 285 Computed tomography, 40, 43-44, 45, 47, 48, 57, 90, 193
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From page 301...
... See Radiation dose Drug Amendments of 1962, 86-87 DuPont Merck, 268 Dynamic conformal radiation therapy, 64 Dysprosium-165, 74 Education and training accreditation, 276-279
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From page 302...
... , 124 Glenn, John H., 1, 23, 30, 31 Gold-198, 72, 74, 82 Harvard Medical Practice studies, 117, 122 Health Care Financing Administration, 5, 123, 142, 147 Health Finance Agency (hypothetical) , 1~11, 161-162, 163-164 Health Physics Society, 272, 274 Hearings.
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From page 303...
... 196, 250 115, 250, 251, 274, 286 Intraluminal thrombolytic therapy, 45 n.3 Intraoperative radiation therapy, 63 Iodine- 123, 53 Iodine-125, 26, 71, 72, 84 Iodine-131, 53, 57, 62, 74, 75, 84 Ionizing radiation in medicine benefits/applications, 3, 26-27, 39, 4~41,52-55,62-63,171, 172-173, 291 defined, 24, 195-196 source-specific regulation, 15, 16, 24, 36, 75, 173-174 units, 250 Iridium-192, 25, 71, 72 Isotopics, 34 Joint Commission of the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 18, 20, 50 n.4, 84, 121, 122, 144, 145, 177, 274-275, 276 Kansas, State of, 274, 280 Kentucky, State of, 268 Legislation federal; see individual statutes state, 19-20 Leukemia, 69 Lewis, E B., 285 Linear accelerators, 26, 29, 37, 40, 41, 63-64, 70, 105, 119, 196, 268, 273 Magnetic resonance imaging, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 57, 196, 272 303 Manufacture of byproduct material, 13, 16, 151, 152, 154, 165-166, 175 of equipment, 51 Medicaid, 4, 147, 161 Medical Device Amendment, 87, 255.
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From page 304...
... , 250 Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, 112, 115 National National National INDEX National Science and Technology Council, 271 National Transportation Safety Board, 152 Nationwide Evaluation of X-Ray Trends program, 90 New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, 267, 269, 273, 278, 279 New York State Department of Health, 267-268, 274 Nixon, President, 253 North Carolina State Department of Environment, Health and Natu ral Resources, 267-268 North Shore University Hospital, 267, 276 Nuclear imaging, 53-54 Nuclear medicine. See also Brachytherapy; Diagnostic nuclear medicine; Radiation oncology; Teletherapy; Therapeutic nuclear medicine benefits, 3 defined, 197 dosage levels, 56, 57, 61 NRC regulation of, 29 therapeutic applications, 40 Nuclear power, 129, 130, 131-132, 134, 136, 251-252, 255, 293 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
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From page 305...
... See Patient outcomes Overuse of radiation medicine, 48 Palladium-103, 71-72 Patient access to radiation medicine, 3, 147, 173, 269 Patient outcomes, 68 Performance indicators, 86, 120, 153 n.3, 257, 271 Pfahlerm, George, 249-250 Phosphorus-32, 74 Plaques, radioactive, 26 Prostate cancer, 64-65, 68-69, 72 Pollycove, Myron, 124 Positron emission tomography, 53, 198 305 Prescription drugs, 122-123 Public Health Service, 29, 90, 142, 154, 157, 166, 253-254 Public Law 83-703, 85 Public hearings participants, 265-266 scope of, 33 Public meetings announcement and request for test many, 262-263 elements of, 33 invited organizations, 259-262 summaries, 266-280 topics, 264-265 Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, 79, 86 Pyelogram, 45 Quality assurance programs, responsibility for, 274-275 Quality Management (QM) Rule in Agreement States, 84, 256 costs of, 100, 108 intrusion into practice of medicine, 4, 18, 142, 269, 294-295 objectives, 7, 36?
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From page 306...
... See also Mammography contrast studies, 45~6 conventional examinations, 44 physical principles, 43 utilization rates, 45 Radioimmunotherapy, 74 Radiological Society of North America, 35, 267, 270, 272, 275, 278 Radiology. See also Computed tomography; Fluoroscopy; Radiography benefits, 3, 26-27 nonhospital-based, 47 radiation doses, 48-51 regulation and control, 51-52 types of procedures, 43-46 utilization rates, 4~48 Radionuclides accelerator-produced, 40, 60-61, 73, 80, 92-93 annual limits on exposure, 100-101 biomedical applications, 58-61 brachytherapy, 71-72 defined, 2 n.2, 24 n.5, 199 half-life, 5~55, 71, 74 licensing, 62 reactor-produced, 58-59 regulation and control of, 61-62 risksfrom,l~l5,75 in therapeutic nuclear medicine, 65, 73-74 transportation of 79 Radiopharmaceuticals applications, 40 defined, 52-53, 199 misadministration, 83 regulation, 88 standards, 91 tracer compounds, 53 Radium, 40, 80 Radium-226, 71 Radon, 131, 132 RAND Corporation, 125 Reagan, President, 253 Recommendations to Conference of Radiation Control
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From page 307...
... , 3-9, 78-91 Health Finance Agency approach, 10-11, 161-162, 163-164 market-based (laissez faire) approach,9-10,14~148,163 overlapping jurisdictions, 88 sources of ionizing radiation and, 15, 16, 24, 36, 75, 173-174 state regulation exclusively, 11-12, 148-151, 164-165 state regulation with federal guidance, 12-14, 15-22, 151-156, 165-167, 174-180, 296-298 status-quo alternatives, 10, 143- 146, 163 Research, radiation medicine, 153 Risks from radiation.
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From page 308...
... See Radioactive waste management Xenon-1 33 X-ray defined, 200 equipment, 51, 52, 200, 250 procedures, 27 n.7, 40 risk perceptions, 129, 130, 132 standards, 89, 255, 273
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Key Terms

  • radiation oncology
  • radiation medicine
  • ionizing radiation
  • utilization rates
  • therapeutic nuclear

  • agreement state
  • state program
  • radiation dose
  • waste management
  • radiation control

  • computed tomography
  • adverse events
  • state regulation
  • medical device
  • radiation protection

  • quality management
  • patient outcomes
  • radioactive waste
  • nuclear regulatory
  • regulatory commission

  • device act
  • patient access
  • finance agency
  • radiation therapy
  • atomic radiation

  • radiation doses
  • health finance
  • agreement states
  • diagnostic nuclear
  • biological effects


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