Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany Lessons and Perspectives (1997) / Chapter Skim
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The German and U.S. R&D Systems
The German and U.S. R&D Systems
Pages 3-8
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From page 3... ...
Factors Shaping National Technology Transfer Systems Technology transfer activities within a country are shaped by many different factors. Among the most important of these are the scale and technological intensity of the country's "home" market; the performance of domestic labor and capital markets; the volume and composition of public and private spending on R&D and technology transfer activities within the country; the extent of linkages to foreign sources of technology; the domestic intellectual-property regime; the endowment of human capital and R&D/technology transfer institutions; and a broad range of public policies and private practices and attitudes that shape a nation's collective outlook on innovation, change, and risk.
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. Both countries have roughly the same broad institutional categories of R&D and technology transfer performers: universities, government laboratories, public and private affiliated and independent "intermediary" R&D institutions; and a range of organizations that do not perform R&D but do facilitate technology transfer.
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market. In the United States, operational responsibility for R&D and technology transfer is more widely distributed among a larger and more diverse population of institutions than it is in Germany.
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In the United States, more than half of all public R&D spending is committed to national defense, and an additional 11 percent of the total supports civilian space exploration. By contrast, defense and FIGURE 1.1 (opposite)
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OVERVIEW AND COMPARISON 7 Germany Industrial Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Fabricated Metal Products Nonelectrical Machinery Motor Vehicles 1993 1983 Aerospace 1973 Electrical Machinery and Apparatus Office Machinery and Computers Electronic and Communi cation Equipment Instruments Other Manufacturing Total Services 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Percent United States Industrial Chemicals Pharmaceuticals 1993 Fabricated Metal Products 1983 Nonelectrical 1973 Machinery Motor Vehicles Aerospace Electrical Machinery and Apparatus Office Machinery and Computers Electronic and Communi cation Equipment Instruments Other Manufacturing Total Services 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Percent
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From page 8... ...
This difference reflects a more direct engagement of German research policy in civilian industrial technology, which in the United States, with a few notable exceptions, is generally considered to be the province of private institutions. Furthermore, public funding of industrially relevant R&D in Germany appears to be more targeted to particular industries than it is in the United States.
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