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Annex III: Examples of Technology Transfer in Germany
Pages 349-360

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From page 349...
... In addition to the goals of specifying a graphics standard and accompanying this work with a prototype implementation, a secondary goal was considered as well: to provide a kind of public domain implementation to nonprofit organizations that could also be licensed to industrial parties interested in this technology. The nonprofits would get a time and know-how advantage if they based their own products on such a prototype system.
From page 350...
... After the appearance of X-Windows and its rapid market acceptance, the emphasis of GTS-GRAL was shifted to X-Windows products as a distributor and to graphics packages centering around the CGM and CGI technology (the GRALX product line)
From page 351...
... The Forschungskuratorium Gesamttextil, an industrial research association, asked for public support of a related research project and received a grant through the Association of Industrial Research Organizations (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen, AiF)
From page 352...
... However, for a random packing unit mix a suitably fast palletizing algorithm was lacking, one that, for example, would give an industrial robot the position for the next packing unit on a pallet already partially loaded with packages. With the institute's own funds (basic funding)
From page 353...
... and a representative of the chemical industry founded the start-up company, MediGene, in June 1994, with the goal of exploiting basic research results and leading technologies developed at the Gene Center. MediGene is a venture-capital-backed company (DM 3 million)
From page 354...
... The patent holders are the inventors and the company. MediGene holds exclusive rights, and the inventors will, in the case of commercial success, be paid according to the "German inventor law." Because the firm is in the early development stage, it is not yet possible to assess whether MediGene will be successful commercially.
From page 355...
... In the past, PALAS repeatedly has prepared the way for scientific instruments to gain access to the commercial market by producing tailor-made prototypes and by skillful marketing measures. The university and the company agreed to do joint prototype development on the basis of an option agreement and to establish a formal licensing agreement after the preparatory work has been completed.
From page 356...
... thesis in the institute. It was possible to obtain satisfactory results for soot elimination through suitable modifications in the construction parameters of electrocyclones.
From page 357...
... The TLB has supported the candidate in the past, not only in reaching a software licensing agreement with the university that allows him to commercialize the CAOSS copyright, which fell to the university, but also in comprehensive counseling when applying to the promotion program mentioned above. At present, TLB assistance is concentrated on the possible application for trademark protection, as well as drawing up possible sublicensing and distribution agreements with firms that should back up the new firm, especially in the fields of national and international distribution.
From page 358...
... This negativity resulted when the government promoted the technology for several years but then permitted electricity suppliers or big industrial firms to buy up the production plants for solar cells and then transfer them abroad, due to a lack of returns. The promotion of the technology in Germany was no more than the proverbial "drop in the ocean." Whereas in Japan, 100,000 roofs were equipped with solar systems at public expense, in Germany, only 1,000 roofs were equipped by the national government, although some federal states set up additional smaller programs.
From page 359...
... The cooperation between national research centers and universities in technology transfer seems to work, although complex legal framework conditions in the patent area and in the area of framework conditions issued by sponsoring agencies do not really encourage cooperation in individual cases. RECEPTIVENESS TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OF LARGE AS OPPOSED TO SMALL FIRMS Not only large concerns -- sometimes operating multinationally -- but also small and medium-sized firms are to be found among the participants in technology transfer with public research institutions and universities.
From page 360...
... The theories and questions outlined here should be checked continuously in the future, using broader experiences and data bases. TLB, Thomas Gering, Ph.D., Karlsruhe, August 1995


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