Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany Lessons and Perspectives (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 363-380
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6. Three clusters of service industries (R&D and testing services; communications services; and computer programming, data processing, and other computer-related engineering services)
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academic research is understated by the data in Table 1.5. If the share of general-purpose funds provided by state and local governments and used by universities for separately budgeted research or to cover unreimbursed overhead costs associated with research were added to the states' targeted support of academic research, the percent share attributed to state and local governments would increase, perhaps by as much as 5 to 10 percentage points.
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21. The Blue List institutes are independent research institutes with supraregional importance; heterogeneous structure, legal status, and technical importance; and are supported almost entirely by public funding, half from the federal government and half from state governments.
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engineering institutes have built up highly competitive competencies in a variety of specific technical areas and serve national and international markets. Most of them, however, with the exception of Southwest Research Institute and SRI International, perform 70 percent or more of their research for government clients -- a larger share than is true for the Fraunhofer institutes.
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41. See, for example, the discussion of NIST's Manufacturing Extension Partnerships, or of state technology extension deployment programs such as the Thomas Edison Institute in Ohio or the Ben Franklin Partnership in Pennsylvania, in Part II, Technology Transfer in the United States, as well as Coburn (1995)
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53. See the German-American collaborative study, Conflict and Cooperation in National Competition for High-Technology Industry (Hamburg Institute for Economic Research, Kiel Institute for World Economics, and National Research Council, 1996)
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If Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories that focus primarily on nuclear weapons research are added to those of DOD, the national security mission laboratories account for roughly 55 percent of total federal laboratory expenditures and 60 to 70 percent of the total number of laboratory researchers.
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in addition to other types of programs that also assist manufacturers. Approximately half of the state programs were operated by educational institutions, with the balance managed by nonprofit organizations or state agencies.
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Industry funds include all grants and contracts for academic R&D from profit-making organizations, whether engaged in production, distribution, research, service, or other activities. Academic institutional funds include institutional funds for separately budgeted research and development, cost-sharing, and under-recovery of indirect costs; they are derived from (1)
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The survey population for fiscal year 1995 consisted of 279 institutions, including 196 U.S. universities, 53 hospitals and research institutes, 25 Canadian institutions, and 5 third-party patent management firms.
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65. Personal correspondence from panel member Albert Narath, Lockheed Martin Corp., to Proctor Reid, July 16, 1997.
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70. While the 104th Congress was generally favorably inclined toward federal laboratory technology transfer activities (including CRADAs)
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79. This does not include $800 million in government-funded R&D performed by federally funded research and development centers administered by nonprofit institutions.
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93. One study of the risk and reward of venture financing determined that of the 1,004 investments made by 40 venture partnerships between 1985 and 1992, 17 percent were total write-offs, 29 percent yielded returns that were below or at cost, 38 percent yielded returns at 1 to 5 times cost, 8 percent at 5 to 10 times cost, and another 8 percent yielded returns that were over 10 times cost (Horsley, 1997)
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99. See, for example, the discussion of NIST's Manufacturing Extension Partnerships, or of state technology extension deployment programs such as the Thomas Edison Institute in Ohio or the Ben Franklin Partnership in Pennsylvania, pp.
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4. For country comparisons, the analysis of patent applications at the European Patent Office leads to meaningful results, because European applications represent a selection of inventions characterized by their high quality; domestic distortions, which can be observed at national patent offices, play a negligible role (Grupp et al., 1996; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994c; Schmoch and Kirsch, 1994)
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Nevertheless, the data of the German Science Council are documented as they provide a consistent data series of the situation before 1990. In contrast, the BMBF data reflect the development in recent years.
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380 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY 32. In recent years, about 250 spin-offs of Fraunhofer institutes, employing a total of about 1,000 workers, have been established.
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