Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany Lessons and Perspectives (1997) / Chapter Skim
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From page 409... ...
in industry consortia, 27 extension programs, 204 Applied research government spending, 72 college and university, U.S., 69, 92, 95 AIDS research, 185, 192, 193 federal laboratories, U.S., 124 AiF. See Federation of Industrial Research in Fraunhofer Society, 325 Associations in German R&D system, 248 American Society of Heating, government funding, U.S., 65, 72–73 Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning industry funding, U.S., 67 Engineers, 170 industry trends, U.S., 82–83 American Society of Mechanical nonprofit organizations, U.S., 70 Engineers, 170 in university-industry research centers, American Supplier Institute, 210–211 113 Ames Research Center, 129 Argonne National Laboratory, 128 Amgen, 184–185 Asynchronous Transmission Mode, 54 Autonomy, 5 409
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From page 410... ...
firms, contract research institutes, 25, 26 183, 189 Department of Agriculture, 132 future prospects, 193 Department of Defense, 127 industrial research association projects, Department of Energy, 127 Germany, 338 as determinant of technology transfer, 3 intellectual property rights issues, 190– distribution of licensing revenues in 191 universities, 187–188 international comparison of R&D Environmental Protection Agency, 131 activities, 297–298 EUREKA initiative, 269–270 licensing revenues for universities, European Union, 244, 263–267 U.S., 187–188 federal laboratories, 20–21, 125–126, National Institutes of Health-funded 127 research, 189 flat panel display technology, 219 new companies based on, U.S., 180– focal area distribution, 290–292 181 foreign investments, 84 nonmedical uses, 179–180 Fraunhofer Society, 242, 322–324 pharmaceutical industry investments, funding sources, 4 182–183 German total, 246 public funding of R&D, U.S., 184–186, government, 6–9, 63–67, 73–77, 89–90 189 health-related, 184 R&D activities, Germany, 252, 290– Helmholtz Centers, 313–314, 316–317 292, 343–345 for industry consortia, 28, 157–158, regulatory issues, U.S., 191–192 335, 336–338
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From page 411... ...
See Private as determinant of technology transfer, nonacademic R&D organizations 3, 36 Cooperative Research and Development in Germany, 260–261, 262–263 Agreements (CRADAs) , 76, 135, recommendations for enhancing 142, 143–144 technology transfer in Germany, 42 advantages, 21, 139 See also Venture capital firms distribution by technology, 138–139 Carnegie-Mellon University, 112–113 federal laboratory implementation, 139 Center for the Utilization of Federal future prospects, 147, 148 Technology, 135 manufacturing and production Chambers of Crafts, 256 technology R&D, 201 Chambers of Industry and Commerce, 256 microelectronics industry, 219 Chemistry, 250 National Institutes of Health Civil engineering, 282 biomedical, 189 Civil Engineering Research Foundation, operations, 21–22 170–171 origins, 137–138
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From page 412... ...
See German Research Association computer science R&D, U.S., 229–231, Diversity, 5–6, 92 232–233 Dryden Flight Research Center, 129–130 dual use technologies, 71 federal laboratory R&D, U.S., 125–126, E 127 in German universities, 278 Economic development, U.S., 77–79 in growth of semiconductor industry, Electric Power Research Institute, 237– U.S., 216–217 240 manufacturing and production Electronics industry technology R&D, U.S., 196, 197–198 export trends, U.S., 88 See also Department of Defense technology transfer, 123 Department of Agriculture, 15, 20 See also Microelectronics industry industrial problem-solving initiatives, Engineering schools, 11 76 Entrepreneurial behavior, 29–30 research activities, 132–133 as obstacle to technology transfer in technology transfer activities, 133 Germany, 347–348 Department of Commerce, 77 recommendations for enhancing Department of Defense, 15, 20, 97, 217 technology transfer in Germany, 43– aerospace R&D, 82 44 computer science R&D, 229 in software development, 234, 235 future of federal laboratories, 147–148 Environmental Protection Agency, 77 industrial development initiatives, 76, R&D budget, 131 77 research laboratories, 131–132 information analysis centers, 54–55 Environmental sciences laboratories, 127 government spending, U.S., 72 manufacturing and production international R&D collaboration, 51 technology R&D, 196, 197–198 Equity stock companies, 260 microelectronics industry and, 217, 219 EUREKA initiative, 244, 268–270, 343 R&D spending, 70–72 Joint European Submicron Silicon Department of Energy, 15, 20, 21, 72 Initiative, 244, 270–272, 343 civilian laboratories, 128 European Commission, 14, 34 CRADAs, 138, 139, 142, 148 European Patent Organization, 34
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From page 413... ...
See Blue Federal Research in Progress, 140 List institutes; Helmholtz Centers; Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, Max Planck institutes 74–76, 135, 136, 143, 144 Federal laboratories, U.S. Federally Funded Research and civilian, 128–133 Development Centers, 65, 67–69 collegial interchange activities, 142– Department of Defense, 127 143 structure and function, 125 conflict of interest issues, 144 Federation of Industrial Research consulting activities, 142 Associations, 27, 242, 243 contractor-operated, 125, 126, 128, 129, budget and finance, 335, 336–338 142 function, 333 Cooperative Research and Development in German R&D system, 248, 249 Agreements, 137–139 origins, 332–333 defense-related, 126–128 research orientation, 338–339 exchange programs, 141–142 structure and operations, 333–335 funding, 20–21 technology transfer activities, 339–341 in future of technology transfer, 147– variation by industrial sector, 337–338 149 FhG.
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From page 414... ...
U.S. R&D system, 9–10, 37–40 external institutions, 287–290 German Research Association, 14, 248, federal technology transfer initiatives, 276–277 257–258 Goddard Space Flight Center, 130 focal areas, 244, 250–252, 290–292 Government-Industry Research government laboratories, 20–21, 23–25 Roundtable, 46–47 historical development of technology Government role transfer, 272–274 development of technology road maps, human capital characteristics, 39, 42– 45 44, 283, 286–287 in fostering industry-university industrial research associations, 27–28, collaboration, U.S., 99 39, 243–244, 332–341 in German R&D system, 246, 248 intellectual property regime, 33, 44, in growth of microelectronics industry, 300–302 U.S., 216–217, 219 ministry activities, 248 international comparison, 40 new technology-based firms in, 258– manufacturing and production 260, 261–263 technology transfer, U.S., 204–209 obstacles to technology transfer, 41, 42 private sector input to R&D activities, opportunities for collaboration with U.S., 48 U.S., 35 R&D employment, U.S., 67
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From page 415... ...
industry R&D employment, 79 making, 54 university patent licensing, U.S., 104– I 105 Helmholtz Centers, 33, 37, 242, 341 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, challenges, 10, 22 128 differences among, 316 Incubators. See Technology business function, 10, 243, 312, 313 incubators funding, 20–21, 22, 243, 312, 313–314, Industrial development 316–317 government spending, 8, 72, 73–77 future prospects, 317–319 historical university-industry relations, industry interaction, 315–316, 317–319 U.S., 96–99 origins and development, 312–313 Industrial liaison programs, 118–119 origins of, 273 Information analysis centers, 54–55 patent licensing activities, 22–23, 316– Information and communication 317 technology political environment, 313 export trends, U.S., 88 research orientation, 313, 314–315, Fraunhofer Society research, 326 316, 343, 344 German R&D activity, 250, 252, 341– technology transfer activities, 312, 315– 342 317 for globally active businesses, 53–54 university collaborations, 317 information analysis centers, 54–55 High Performance Computing and for international R&D collaboration, Communications program, 229 50, 54–55 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 70 public R&D monies, 8 Human capital R&D spending trends, U.S., 82 academic R&D employment, U.S., 70, technology transfer intermediaries, 92 163–164
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From page 416... ...
See Joint European Submicron spending, 4 Silicon Initiative structural comparison, U.S. and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 129, 130 Germany, 4, 5–9, 38, 39–40 Johnson Space Center, 130 types of, involved in technology Joint European Submicron Silicon transfer, 2, 62 Initiative, 244, 270–272 See also specific institutional/ Joint research ventures, 83, 157, 158 organizational type Instrument manufacturing industry, 82 K Integrated Service Digital Network, 53–54 Kennedy Space Center, 130 Intellectual property regime Knowledge Express Data Systems, 163 biotechnology issues, 190–191 under CRADAs, 21–22 L as determinant of technology transfer, 3, 32–34 Labor markets, 3 in Germany, 300–302 as determinant of technology transfer, in government laboratories, 21–23 36 international differences, 33–34 Langley Research Center, 129–130 issues for software development, 236 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 128 recommendations for enhancing Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, technology transfer in Germany, 44 127 role of published research, 99–100 Lewis Research Center, 129–130 university practices, 19–20 Life cycle analysis, 3 U.S.
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From page 417... ...
INDEX 417 federal technology transfer programs, software development, 233 U.S., 206–209, 211 in technology transfer, 3, 29–30, 36 Fraunhofer Society research, 324–325 time to market, 359 industrial research association projects, venture capital firms in technology germany, 338 transfer, 172–173 industry networks, U.S., 205 Marshall Space Flight Center, 130 industry profile, U.S., 194 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, industry R&D, U.S., 195–196 120 international comparison of R&D, 195, Max Planck institutes, 242, 341 297–298 budget and finance, 307–309 obstacles to modernization, U.S., 211– distinguishing features, 10 212 funding, 21 R&D activities, Germany, 290–292, industry grants to, 309 345–346 patent licensing, 311–312 state–sponsored extension programs, research areas, 304, 343, 344 U.S., 204–206, 212–213 structure and function, 243, 248, 249, supplier development programs, U.S., 302–304, 305–307 210–211 technology transfer activities, 309–312 technological scope, 193–194 Mechanical engineering in Germany, 244 technology transfer case examples, Fraunhofer Society research, 324–325 Germany, 351–353 patent licenses, 250 technology transfer from federal university research funding, 279, 281 laboratories, U.S., 201–203 MediGene, 353–354 technology transfer from universities, Microelectronics and Computer U.S., 203–204 Technology Corporation, 217, 218– technology transfer within private 219 sector, U.S., 209–211 Microelectronics industry university–industry research centers, consortia, U.S., 217–219 U.S., 199, 200 economic significance for U.S., 213– Manufacturing Extension Partnership, 76– 214 77, 90, 203 Fraunhofer Society research, 325, 326, effectiveness, 212–213 329, 343 origins and development, 207 future prospects, 224 structure and operations, 207–208 government-industry relationships, Market factors U.S., 219 competition in research, 44 international technology transfer, 223 cost of ownership concept, 220–221 market characteristics, 214 in Fraunhofer Society research, 328 public R&D monies, 8 international comparison, 5, 38 R&D activities, 214–216 modernization of manufacturing/ technological scope, 214 production sector, 211 university–industry relationships, U.S., new technology–based firms, Germany, 222 245, 259–260, 262–263 Ministry for Education, Science, in operations of start-up companies, 85– Research, and Technology, 14, 317– 87 318 pressures on international businesses, structure and operations, 248 53 university research funding, 277
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From page 418... ...
See National Institute of Standards and Bayh-Dole Act Technology, 20, 74 Patent licensing industrial development programs, 76– in Europe, 34 77, 90 federal laboratories, U.S., 125 laboratories, 129 federal laboratory research, U.S., 136– manufacturing and production 137 technology R&D, 196, 198–199 Fraunhofer Society activities, 330 mission, 128–129 in German universities, 300–302, 354– National Institutes of Health, 15, 20, 21, 358 72, 147 grace period, 33 biotechnology research funding, 189 Helmholtz Center activities, 22–23, biotechnology research guidelines, 191– 316–317 192 by industry, 88, 250 research laboratories, 130–131 international comparison, 19–20, 33, structure and function, 130 301–302 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in Max Planck institutes, 311–312 128 technology brokers, 164–166 National Science and Technology university-industry technology transfer, Council, 196 U.S., 102–108, 112–113, 190–191 National Science Foundation, 15, 47, 72, in U.S. universities, 92, 187–188 76, 184 See also Intellectual property regime
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From page 419... ...
See also Fraunhofer institutes infrastructural innovations, 88–89 independent institutes, U.S., 152–155 input to government, 48 manufacturing and production internationalization trends, 84 technologies, U.S., 200–201 manufacturing and production principal firms, U.S., 152, 154, 155– technology, 201, 209–211 156 microelectronics industry, 213–224 professional organizations, U.S., 170– new biotechnology companies, 180–183 171 nonmanufacturing industries, 81–82 recommendations for enhancing outsourcing trends, 83–84 technology transfer in Germany, 43, pathbreaking innovations, 89 44 recommendations for enhancing U.S. research parks, 169–170 system, 45–46, 47, 48 spending, U.S., 151–152, 153, 155 sectoral distribution, U.S., 80–82 technology business incubators, U.S., significance of start-up companies, 84– 167–170 87
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From page 420... ...
recommendations for U.S., 45, 46 R&D system, 46 spending, U.S., 157–158 support for smaller companies, 30–31 structure and operations, U.S., 156 Public monies technology transfer from, U.S., 159– academic research funding, 14–15 160, 162 allocation of R&D funds, 6–9 university-industry, U.S., 119 biotechnology research funding, U.S., Referral organizations, 162–164 184–186, 189 Regulation and legislation defense-related R&D, U.S., 70–72 antitrust law, 76, 209, 235–236 government funding of industry R&D, barriers to new technology–based firms U.S., 65, 89–90 in Germany, 259–260, 261, 262–263 health-related R&D spending, U.S., biotechnology issues, 182, 191–192, 184 345 industrial development R&D, U.S., 73– challenges to technology transfer 77 system, 41 for industrial research association to encourage industrial development, projects, Germany, 335 74–77 for long-term R&D projects, 51–52 to encourage technology transfer, 32– in manufacturing and production 34 technology R&D, U.S., 196–199 German university research, 274, 282– nondefense-related R&D, U.S., 72–73 283 public wage system, Germany, 43–44 obstacles to international collaboration, R&D objectives, U.S., 70 48–49 R&D spending, 40, 63–67, 246 obstacles to professional mobility in restrictions on academic research, Germany, 42–43 Germany, 282–283 obstacles to technology transfer in in software development R&D, U.S., Germany, 358–359 224–225 orphan drug research, 192–193 protections for R&D consortia, 156
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From page 421... ...
federal technology roadmaps, 45–46, 222 laboratories, 133–135, 149–150 university R&D, 106–107 trade secrecy laws, 191 U.S. R&D, 214–215 See also Intellectual property regime; Service Industries, 81–82 Patent licensing; Taxation in Single European Act, 263 Germany Small Business Development Centers, 203 Research areas/topics Small Business Innovation Research, 77 academic distribution, 13–14, 92, 95 Small/medium-sized companies allocation of public monies, 6–9 acquisition of new technologies, 201 in CRADAs, 138–139 challenges to technology transfer distribution of funding, Germany, 279– system, 41 280 computer technology for, 54 distribution of government spending, cooperative research, Germany, 252– U.S., 72–73 258 European Union investments, 244 equity stock companies, 260 field-specific features of technology federal industrial development transfer, 36 initiatives, U.S., 76–77 focus of Max Planck institutes, 304 federal laboratory interaction, U.S., 143 at Helmholtz Centers, 313, 314–315 flat panel display innovation in, 222– industry trends, U.S., 80–82 223 international comparison, 6, 250–252, industrial research associations, 252, 296–300 Germany, 332 patent licensing activity, 250, 252 international collaboration, 51 spending, Germany, 244, 290–292 international comparison of R&D spending, U.S., 70 activities, 39 university-industry research centers, obstacles to research collaborations, U.S., 114 254–255 Research Corporation Technologies, 164– production and manufacturing industry, 165 194, 211, 345–346 Research parks, 169–170 technical assistance programs for, U.S., 119–121 technology transfer needs, 30–32, 90 S transfer mechanisms, Germany, 244– SAGE.
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From page 422... ...
trends, 84–85 292–294, 298 State and local R&D funds, 67 conference organizers, 167 for colleges and universities, U.S., 94, consultants, 166 97 contributions of individuals to, 36 distribution, U.S., 73 definition, 2–3 industrial technical assistance programs, determinants of success, at national U.S., 204–206 level, 3, 35–36
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From page 423... ...
see also 91–96 specific institutional type challenges to, 40–41 interfirm/intrafirm, 2, 90 college-university activities, 67–70 intermediary organizations, 162–174 contract research institutes, 26–27, 39– law firms, 166–167 40 manufacturing and production defense-related, 70–72 technologies, 193–213 federally-funded industrial development in mature industries, 30–32 initiatives, 73–77, 89–90 from Max Planck institutes, 309–312 government activities, 63–67 mechanisms, 2–3, 242–245 government employees, 67 from private nonacademic government incentives for technology organizations, U.S., 151–162, 174– transfer, 32–33 176 government laboratories, 20, 21–22, from R&D consortia, U.S., 159–160 24–25, 124–133 role of start-up companies, 29–30 government laboratories, future in semiconductor industry, 216–217 prospects for, 147–149 setting-specific features, 36, 122–123 government laboratories legislation, similarities between U.S.-German 133–135 systems, 37 government laboratory technology size of firm as factor in, 359 transfer, limitations of, 143–144 in small/medium-sized enterprises, government laboratory technology Germany, 244–245, 252–258 transfer effectiveness, 144–147 system effectiveness, Germany, 346– government laboratory technology 348 transfer mechanisms, 135–143 transnational, 34–35 human capital characteristics, 38–39 U.S. federal laboratory, future industry employees, 67 prospects, 147–149 industry spending, 67 U.S.
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From page 424... ...
German R&D system, 3, 4, 5–10, technology transfer, 43, 44, 46–47 37, 38, 39–40 structure and resources, U.S., 91–92 Universities and colleges technology licensing, case examples of, administrative structures, Germany, Germany, 354–358 282–284 technology transfer organizations in, basic/applied research, U.S., 67–69 103 biotechnology research, U.S., 183 See also University-industry relations computer science enrollments, U.S., University-industry relations, 47–48, 84 227 barriers to, in Germany, 294–295 computer science R&D spending, U.S., biotechnology research, 186–188 225 concerns about, 123–124 computer science research funding, contract research, 284, 286 U.S., 228–229 contract vs. grant research, 110–111 computer science technology transfer, funding of academic research, 13, 15– U.S., 231 16 contributions to technology transfer, 11 German R&D structure, 242 dissemination of good R&D practices, German technology transfer 46–47 mechanisms, 242–243, 245 distribution of licensing revenues, U.S., historical development, 96–99, 274 187–188 industrial liaison programs, 118–119 distribution of research expenditures by industry researchers as faculty, 17 research area, 13–14 industry-sponsored research, 110–111 diversity, U.S., 92 intellectual property rights, 190–191 external institutions, Germany, 287–290 international comparison, 296–300
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From page 425... ...
German university-industry technical assistance programs, 119–121 technology transfer, 296–300 technology business incubators, 121 technology transfer arrangements, 16– V 20 technology transfer effectiveness, 121– Venture capital firms, 172–173 124 biotechnology investments, 181–182 technology transfer mechanisms, 99– in Germany, 260–263 101, 101–108, 284–287 software development investments, 235 transfer of personnel in Germany, 286– 287 W University-industry research centers, 18, 19, 43, 76, 99 World Intellectual Property Organization, concerns with, 116–118 49 definition, 111 World Trade Organization, 49 effectiveness, 115–116 World War II, 97
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