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1 BALLAST WATER AND NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES
Pages 11-21

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From page 11...
... In turn, ballast water released from ships acts as an inoculation mechanism for nonindigenous species. Nonindigenous species also known as exotic species, alien species, and biological invasions are defined in this report as any species or other viable biological material that enters an ecosystem beyond iBallast is defined as any solid or liquid placed in a ship to increase the draft, to change the trim, to regulate the stability, or to maintain stress loads within acceptable limits.
From page 13...
... have cost tens of millions of dollars and have had deep and broad ecological repercussions (Hallegraeff, 1993; Nalepa and Schloesser, 1993; Harbison and Volovik, 1994~. 2 Maps indicating locations where nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species have been found are provided in a number of articles (see, for example, Jones, 1991)
From page 14...
... Hemigrapsus sanguineus Japan Massachusetts to Virginia Japanese shore crab Mussels, Clams, and Snails (Mollusca) Dreissena polymorpha Eurasia Eastern North America Zebra Mussel Dreissena bugensis Quagga Mussel Perna perna South American Mussel Potamocorbula amurensis Asian clam Philine auriformis New Zealand Seaslug Moss Animals (Bryozoa)
From page 15...
... If gravity-loading is used, organisms are not passed through an operating pump, thus eluding possible mechanical destruction, although there are still external and internal screens through which larger organisms generally cannot pass. However, exceptions may occur in poorly maintained vessels, allowing these larger organisms to be transported.3 Among the plants transported, phytoplankton, especially diatoms and dinoflagellates, have been found to be particularly common in ballast water (Carlton and Geller, 1993; Hallegraeff, 1993~.
From page 16...
... These organisms could release planktonic larvae into the overlying ballast water, which could subsequently be discharged, and the resident adult community would remain on the bottom of the tank. FATE OF DISCHARGED ORGANISMS The release of nonindigenous species into a novel environment constitutes their inoculation but not necessarily their successful introduction.
From page 17...
... COMPLEXITY OF BALLASTING PATTERNS A critical concept in managing ballast water is that the source regions and release sites of ballast water frequently occur in a complex fashion along the vessel's route. The following hypothetical scenario is an example of how a vessel may have ballast water from multiple sources, with different water in different tanks or mixed in the same tank.
From page 18...
... , was not signalled as a species of concern in Western Pacific estuaries, nor would its larvae have been identifiable if ballast sampling programs had been in place in California prior to 1986. In terms of managing ballast water, the multiplicity of factors influencing the establishment of nonindigenous organisms means that species (particularly those from comparable environments)
From page 19...
... suggest that the number of marine organisms transported in fouling communities may have decreased over time. Conversely, the role of ship fouling may have increased for some species and for some trade routes for a number of reasons, including the evolution of strains of certain seaweeds resistant to anti-fouling paint; the greater sea-going speeds of modern vessels, which lead to a decrease in
From page 20...
... Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species in a United States Estuary: A Case Study of the Biological Invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. Washington, D.C.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the U.S.
From page 21...
... 1991. Marine Organisms Transported in Ballast Water: A Review of the Australian Scientific Position.


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