Stemming the Tide Controlling Introductions of Nonindigenous Species by Ships' Ballast Water (1996) / Chapter Skim
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5 MONITORING
5 MONITORING
Pages 74-85
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From page 74... ...
Second, monitoring is a research and development tool that permits assessment of the effectiveness of ballast water treatments, allows increased understanding of the nonindigenous species problem, and may assist in developing plans to manage ballast water. The use of monitoring for auditing is likely to become increasingly important as implementation of ballast water guidelines becomes more widespread (see Chapter 3~.
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From page 75... ...
Like the candidate technologies for treating ballast water discussed in Chapter 4, shipboard application of monitoring systems introduces additional requirements and constraints on equipment and its operation in comparison with land-based industrial applications. The characteristics of an effective shipboard monitoring system for supporting strategies of managing ballast water can be summarized as follows: · allows rapid data collection · permits unambiguous detection of unwanted biological material or indicator organisms · is safe, rugged, and relatively inexpensive to install and operate · occupies minimum space, allowing monitoring to be performed in situ aboard ships without impeding other onboard operations · allows the necessary monitoring to be performed as quickly as possible, so as not to put undue burden on the ship' s crew · permits effective monitoring by personnel with minimum training · requires a minimum of complex procedures, such as chemical extraction These characteristics may not be realized in a single automated procedure, and some compromises may be necessary to achieve a workable monitoring method.
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From page 76... ...
represents the most probable ballast treatment scenario because, subject to safety constraints, a ballast change is the most effective treatment option currently available on board vessels. Changing ballast water will quite possibly remain the principal option available in the foreseeable future, unless international bodies agree to more stringent regulations.
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From page 77... ...
If the voyage passage time were long enough, treatment could be performed in transit. A simplified version of this "sampling and dispatch" approach has been used by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service in the case of an identified chronic carrier of toxic dinoflagellate cysts operating between Japan and Australia.
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From page 78... ...
. Level III monitoring would probably require an onshore laboratory, using current technology.
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From page 79... ...
continuous monitoring of basic physical-chemical water quality parameters, such as turbidity, salinity, temperature, concentration of dissolved oxygen, and pH (see Table 5-2~. These parameters can be monitored by automatic, online equipment that provides continuous readouts for subsequent data storage or for direct transmission to shore.
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From page 80... ...
for monitoring purposes would not impose any additional burden on the shipping industry, and it could be used in conjunction with basic water quality parameter measurements to verify that ballast had been changed prior to arrival at port. The basic parameters indicative of water quality are readily measured using commercially available instruments and test kits; reliable measurement of pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature is available using a single probe for analysis.
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From page 81... ...
At the same time, it could be assumed that, if a particular species were killed or removed, most other species would also be eliminated. Level III Monitoring Advanced biological analysis comprises collecting plankton samples from the water column and benthic samples from bottom sediment (if present)
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From page 82... ...
In laboratory tests, the effect of heat treatment on toxic dinoflagellate cysts was determined by observing germination rates when culture medium was added to the treated sample (Botch and Hallegraeff, 1993~. Clearly such an approachwhich is not applicable to all organisms would not be practical for shipboard use, and development of a simple, onboard test method is needed to support the heat treatment option for treating ballast water.
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From page 83... ...
When feasible, ballast water should be sampled at various depths and as deep as possible, and inline sampling should be used when filling ballast tanks, if possible. MONITORING SEDIMENT Ballast sediment at tank and hold bottoms requires periodic monitoring to understand its influence on turbidity readings and nutrient levels and its potential to act as a sink and source of transported organisms.
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From page 84... ...
Regardless of how standards for the safe release of ballast water are determined, it is important that the supporting reasons and assumptions be fully transparent to all those affected. In addition, the implementation of ballast water controls based on the standards should be accompanied by appropriate outreach, education and training activities.
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From page 85... ...
1993. Chemical and physical treatment options to kill toxic dinoflagellate cysts in ships' ballast water.
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