Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels (1996) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX
Pages 151-160
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From page 151... ...
Soon after the oxygenated gasoline program was introduced nationally in the winter of 1992-1993, anecdotal reports of acute health symptoms were received by health authorities in various areas of the country. Such health concerns had not been anticipated but have subsequently focused attention on possible health risks iPrenn~ble and Executive Summary submitted to the NRC by the Office of Science and Technology on March 15, 1996, as part of the draft interagency report.
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From page 152... ...
This assessment is a scientific state-of-understanding report of the fundamental basis and efficacy of the EPA's winter oxygenated gasoline program. The assessment considers not only health effects, but also air quality, fuel economy and engine performance, and ground water and drinking water quality.
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From page 153... ...
The first winter oxygenated gasoline program in the United States was implemented in Denver, Colorado in 1988. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments required the use of oxygenated gasoline in several areas of the country that failed to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)
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From page 154... ...
The Clean Air Act requires at least 2.7% by weight oxygen content for gasoline sold in CO nonattainment areas, and 15% by volume MTBE or 7.5% by volume ethanol achieve this requirement. The purpose of this report is to provide a review of the scientific literature on oxygenated fuels and to assess effects of the winter oxygenated fuels program on air quality, water quality, fuel economy and engine performance, and public health.
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From page 155... ...
· In some cities with winter oxygenated gasoline programs, a reduction in ambient CO concentrations of about 10% is observed and is attributed to the use of the oxygenate. · Studies of the effects of fuel oxygenates on vehicle emissions show a consistent reduction of CO emissions at ambient temperatures above about 50°F.
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From page 156... ...
Water Quality · Releases of gasoline containing oxygenates to the subsurface from storage tanks, pipelines, and refueling facilities provide point sources for entry of high concentrations of fuel oxygenates into ground water. Underground storage tank improvement programs 1 1 1 , .
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From page 157... ...
· The USEPA draft drinking-water lifetime health advisory for MTBE ranges from 20 to 200 ,ug/~; a revised health advisory is expected later this year. Health advisories have not been developed for other fuel oxygenates.
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From page 158... ...
· Automobile engine performance problems due solely to the presence of allowable levels of oxygenates in gasoline are not expected because oxygenated gasolines and nonoxygenated gasolines are manufactured to the same specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials. Health Effects · Complaints of acute health symptoms, such as headaches, nausea, dizziness, and breathing difficulties, were reported in various areas of the country after the introduction of oxygenated gasoline conraining MTBE.
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From page 159... ...
· Current data are too limited to quantitate health benefits of reduced ambient CO from wintertime use of oxygenated fuels. · Experimental studies indicate that MTBE is carcinogenic in rats and mice at multiple organ sites after oral or inhalation exposure.
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From page 160... ...
· It is not likely that the health effects associated with ingestion of moderate to large quantities of ethanol would occur from inhalation of ethanol at ambient levels to which most people may be exposed from use of ethanol as a fuel oxygenate. Potential health effects from exposure to other oxygenates are not known and require investigation if their use in fuels is to become wiclespread.
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